Contesting Colonial Discourse: Rewriting Murut History of Resistance in British North Borneo from 1881 to 1915

CALLISTUS FERNANDEZ (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, callistusfernandez@yahoo.com)

Abstract


This paper anempts to contest the colonial discourse on the history of Murut anti-British resistance. Anti-British resistance was part and parcel of reactions towards the British in the early periods of colonial rule from 1881-1915. In over three decades, the Muruts launched numerous rebellions against the British with disastrous defeats and heavy loss of lives. For the British, these actions were considered irrational, driven by the Muruts' desire to return to their past ways of lawlessness and savage practices. To the Muruts, each rebellion marked a sign of resistance against the colonial encroachment into their social, economic, cultural and political life. Contrary to colonial views that downplay the significance of the Murut rebellions, the latter did forge a unified nation by 1915. The Rundum Rebellion of 1915 was the climax of Murut resistance. It contained features of a unified nation, a fixed geographical boundary, a leadership hierarchy, mobilization of labour and the control of violence to oust the British from Murut countrv. In essence, Murut resistance had a single goal - to gain independence from colonial rule.

Key words: Colonial discourse, Murut rebellion, nation, British North Borneo

ABSTRAK

Makalah ini bertujuan mempersoalkan wacana kolonial mengenai sejarah penerangan kaum Murut rerhadap Inggeris. Penentangan itu ialah sebahagian yang padu daripada reaksi kaum Murut terhadap Inggeris yang bermula sejak bahagian awal penguasaan Inggeris iaitu antara 1881-1915. Dalam tempoh lebih tiga dasawarsa itu, penentangan Murut telah berakhir dengan kekalahan serta kehilangan banyak nyawa. Bagi Inggeris, penentangan Murut dianggap sebagai pencerminan keinginan kaum Murut untuk balik ke cara hidup lama yang didasari oleh ketiadaan undang-undang serta amalan primitif. Namun bagi masyarakat Murut, penerangan ini berlaku kerana mereka menentang dasar campur tangan Inggeris dalam kehidupan sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan politik mereka. Berlawanan dengan pandangan Inggeris yang meremehkan penentangan tersebut, keadaan ini telah menjadi pencetus kepada pembentukan nasion Murut menjelang 1915. Pemberontakan Rundum 1915 adalah kemuncak kepada penentangan Murut. Penentangan itu mempunyai beberapa ciri seperti satu nasion Murut yang bersatu, sebuah wilayah yang tetap, hiraki pentadbiran, mobilisasi buruh serta pengawalan keganasan yang bertujuan menghalau Inggeris daripada Negeri Murut. Pada hakikamya, penentangan Murut mempunyai satu tujuan, iaitu membebaskan diri mereka daripada genggaman penjajah.

Kata kunci: Wacana kolonial, pemberontakan Murut, nasion, British North Borneo


Full Text:

PDF

References


A. Primary Sources

Sabah Government Archives (SGA File), Kota Kinabalu.

Shifting Cultivation-Ladang Ordinance

Construction of Bridle path

Small-pox in North Borneo

Native Liquor Taxation

Papers on Agricultural Prospects - 1882-1918

British North Borneo and its resources

Public Record Office London

C.O 874/245, Public Record Office, London.

C.O 874/249, Public Record Office, London.

C.O 874/250, Public Record Office, London.

C.O 874/251, Public Record Office, London.

C.O 874/834. Public Record Office. London.

C.O 874/835, Public Record Office. London.

Interviews with Tagol Muruts (descendants of warriors of the Rundum Rebellion of 1915)

Bakit b. Ansang (64 years) from Kg. Rundum

Tandon b. Andau (63 years) from Kg. Lotohuan, Sg. Telekosan

Manggas b. Mantau (72 years) from Pensiangan

Kurios b. Labu (72 years)

Gambir b. Kapang (70 years)

Malinau b. Kapang (80 years)

Andul b. Ekup (45 years)

Rikin b. Antipoh (67 years) from Tomani

Olok b. Embak (67 years) from Pensiangan

Ampakat b. Anam (68 tahun) from Kg. Sumangalu

Eukuoi b. Asie (66 years) from Kg. Tagol

Lawrence b. Ampok (42 years) from Tenon

Andayul b. Ampuli (55 years) from Tomani

The above-listed Tagols provided oral narratives of the Rundum rebellion of 1915, native perception of colonial rule and cultural practices dominant at the time of their parents or grandparents. These narratives were collected in groups of a few Tagols sharing their experiences at a time.

B. SecondarySources

Anderson, B. 1990. Imagined communities: Reflection on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.

Black, I. 1969. Dayaks in North Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal 17 (34-35): 245-272.

Black, I. 1971. Native administration by the British North Borneo Chartered Company: 1878-1915. PhD thesis Australian National University.

Black, I. 1981. The Rundum rebellion of 1915 in Sabah: Millenarianism and social protest. Working paper presented at the Sabah History Seminar, 12-16 August.

Black, I. 1983. A gambling style of government. Kuala Lumpur: OUP.

Braudel, F. 1972. Time, history and the social sciences. In The varieties of history, edited by Stern, Fritz New York: World Publishing.

Braudel, F. 1980. On history. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Brewis, K. A. 1991. The Timugon Murut. In Social organisations of Sabah societies, edited by S.G. Lingenfelter. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museums.

Cohn. Bernard. S. 1987. An anthropologist among the historians and other essays. New Delhi: OUP. Cohn, Bernard. 1996. Colonialism and its form of knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fernandez, C. 1996. Rewriting the Rundum rebellion of 1915. Report submitted to Koisaan Cultural Development Institute. Sabah.

Fernandez, C. 1997. Towards a nation-state - Murut rebellions in the turbulent era of colonial rule in British North Borneo: 1881-1915. Paper presented at the 101st Faculty of Development Science Weekly Seminar, UKM.

Fernandez, C. 1998. Pemerintahan Syarikat Piagam Inggeris di daerah pedalaman Borneo Utara: 1881-1915. Report submitted to the Faculty of Development Science, UKM.

Fernandez, C. forthcoming. . Perkembangan ekonomi kolonialis dan penentangan masyarakat Murut: Pemberontakan Rundum 1915. In Karya Darma III, edited by A. Halim Alietal. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.

Harris, S.A. 1991. The Tagal Murut. In Social organization of Sabah societies, edited by SW.G. Lingenfelter. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museums.

Inden, R.B. 1986. Mentalist construction of India Modern Asian studies 20:401-436.

Johnson, D.W. & Jackson, J.C. 1973. The tobacco industry of North Borneo: A distinct form of plantation agriculture. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4(13): 88-106.

Keith, A. N. 1939. Land below the wind. London.

Keesing, R.M. 1990. Colonial history as contested ground: The Bell massacre in the Solomon Islands. History and Anthropology 4: 270-301.

LeBar, F.M (ed). 1972. Ethnic groups of insular Southeast Asia Vol.1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands and Madagascar. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.

Leong, C. 1982. Sabah: The first 100 years. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nanyang.

Prentice, D.J. 1976. Idahan Murut. In Insular Southeast Asian ethnographic studies: Section 3: Borneo and Moluccas, LeBar, F.M (compiler). New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.

Roth, H.L. 1896 (rep. 1968). The natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, Vol.1. London.

Rutter, O. 1929 (rep. 1985). The Pagans of North Borneo. Singapore: OUP.

Said, E. 1978. Orientalism. London: Penguin.

Smith, A.D.1986. The ethnic origin of nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Thompson, P. 1978. The voice of the past Oral history. Oxford: OUP.

Treacher, W.H. 1889. British Borne., Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 20 : 13-74.

Treacher, W.H. 1890. British Borneo. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 21:19-122.

Tregonning, K.G. 1965. A history of modern Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.

Whitehead, John. 1893. Exploration of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo. London: Gurney and Jackson.

Wise, H. 1894. The Malingkote in Borneo in June 1891. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. January: 201.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694