Permintaan Pelancongan Bilateral Antara Malaysia Dan Indonesia (Bilateral Tourism Demand between Malaysia and Indonesia)

Nanthakumar Loganathan, Nur Aisyah Yuliza Nur Aisyah Yuliza, Thirunaukarasu Subramaniam, Yahaya Ibrahim

Abstract


Malaysia dan Indonesia merupakan dua buah negara serumpun di rantau Asia Tenggara yang mempunyai hubungan akrab sekian lama melalui persamaan budaya dan sosioekonomi. Statistik kehadiran pelancong bagi kedua-dua negara menunjukkan saling pergantungan  antara satu sama lain dalam penerimaan jumlah pelancong sepanjang tempoh masa kajian. Secara tradisinya, Malaysia dan Indonesia agak popular dengan pelancongan yang memberi fokus kepada  keindahan alam sekitar, kekayaaan warisan budaya serta tarikan pelancongan agama yang kini mula mendapat tempat dalam kalangan pelancong-pelancong antarabangsa. Kajian ini menggunakan data bulanan sepanjang tempoh 1995-2016 dengan mengaplikasikan konsep Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) untuk melihat sejauh mana harga pelancongan dan kemeruapan harga minyak dunia mencorakkan trend permintaan pelancongan bilateral antara kedua-dua buah negara. Hasil  kajian ini menunjukkan pelancong Malaysia ke Indonesia memiliki hubungan penyebab Granger secara bilateral dengan kesan keanjalan harga minyak. Manakala, kehadiran pelancong Indonesia ke Malaysia yang memiliki hubungan penyebab Granger sehala terhadap keanjalan permintaan harga pelancongan Thailand. Kedua-dua negara mencapai tahap penyelarasan keseimbangan yang berbeza dari tahap jangka masa pendek ke jangka masa panjang masing-masing dengan magnitud sekitar 10.8% (pelancong Malaysia ke Indonesia) dan 33% (pelancong Indonesia ke Malaysia).Jelas di sini bahawa, perkembangan sektor pelancongan di antara dua negara serumpun ini berkembang pesat dan memberi impak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi kedua-dua  negara berkenaan. Dengan itu dapat disimpulkan bahawa permintaan pelancongan bilateral antara Malaysia ke Indonesia tidak mempunyai sebarang pengaruh keanjalan harga permintaan pelancongan. Tambahan, hasil penemuan kajian ini berguna kepada para pembuat dasar dalam merangka strategi untuk meningkatkan permintaan pelancongan bilateral sebagai strategi jangka masa panjangkhususnya dalam usaha mentransformasi rantau Asia Tenggara yang memiliki keunikan yang tersendiri  sebagai destinasi pilihan pelancong antarabangsa.

Kata kunci: ARDL-ECM; pelancongan bilateral; harga pelancongan; harga minyak; model AIDS


 Abstract

 

Malaysia and Indonesia are two countries in Southeast Asia region that has established a long-standing close relationship due to similarity in culture and socioeconomic background. Statistics on the arrival of tourists reveals that both countries are interdependent in attracting tourists during the period of study. Traditonally both Malaysia and Indonesia are very popular in tourism which are  focused on enviromental attractions, rich cultural heritage and religious tourism  which had become an attraction among international tourists. This study uses monthly data for the period from 1995-2016 by applying the concept of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) to investigate the extent tourism prices and volatility of global oil prices determines the bilateral tourism demand between these two countries. The results of this study reveal that Malaysian tourists to Indonesia displays a bidirectional Granger causality relationship with the effect of elastic oil prices. On the other hand, the presence of Indonesian tourists to Malaysia has a unidirectional Granger causality relationship towards the elasticity of demand of tourism prices in Thailand. Both countries have a differing level of speed of adjustment from short run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium with the magnitude of 10.8% (for Malaysian tourist to Indonesia) and 33% (for Indonesian tourist to Malaysia). It is evident that tourism development between these two countries have grown immensely and impacted the economic growth of these countries. As such, we can conclude that bilateral tourism demand between Malaysia and Indonesia does not have any influence on tourism price elasticity of demand. The findings of this study are useful to policy-makers to plan strategies to increase the bilateral tourism demand as a long-term strategy specifically in transforming Southest  Asia region which has its own uniqueness  as an attractive international  tourist destination.

Keywords: ARDL-ECM; bilateral tourism, tourism price, oil prices; AIDS model


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