Kebarangkalian Berkahwin Lewat dalam Kalangan Generasi Milenium di Malaysia (The Probability of Late Marriage among the Millennial Generation in Malaysia)

Siti Haizani Mat Delin, Zaimah Ramli

Abstract


Fenomena kahwin lewat telah menyumbang kepada ketidaksuburan dan ketidakseimbangan struktur umur dalam populasi penduduk di Malaysia. Jumlah populasi warga emas yang tidak diimbangi oleh kelahiran kanak-kanak menyebabkan negara bakal menjadi sebuah negara tua menjelang 2030. Generasi milenium yang merupakan 40 peratus daripada populasi penduduk adalah pendukung kepada aspirasi pembangunan dan kesejahteraan negara.
Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti kebarangkalian berkahwin lewat, dan menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi kebarangkalian berkahwin lewat dalam kalangan generasi milenium. Sebanyak 285 pelajar prasiswazah warganegara Malaysia, bujang dan berumur 24 tahun ke bawah di Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan (FSSK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) dianalisis dalam kajian ini. Ujian regresi multinomial logistik digunakan bagi menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi kebarangkalian generasi milenium untuk berkahwin lewat iaitu latar belakang diri dan keluarga, faktor sosioekonomi, faktor budaya dan perwatakan generasi milenium. Hasil kajian mendapati majoriti responden tidak pasti terhadap kebarangkalian berkahwin lewat. Analisis regresi multinomial logistik pula menunjukkan faktor sosioekonomi dan faktor budaya telah mempengaruhi kebarangkalian
generasi milenium untuk berkahwin lewat. Manakala faktor budaya dan bapa yang berpendidikan sehingga sekolah rendah dan ke bawah telah mempengaruhi kebarangkalian generasi milenium untuk tidak pasti berkahwin lewat lebih
tinggi daripada kebarangkalian tidak berkahwin lewat. Implikasi kepada kajian ini memerlukan pihak kerajaan dan pihak berkepentingan meningkatkan kesedaran generasi milenium terhadap kepentingan perkahwinan demi memastikan kelangsungan sumber manusia negara. Perhatian khusus kepada faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kebarangkalian kahwin lewat juga perlu diperhalusi dan diambil tindakan sewajarnya

Kata kunci: Perkahwinan lewat; generasi milineal; ekonomi; budaya; Malaysia


Abstract


Late marriage phenomenon has contributed to the infertility and imbalance of age structure in the population of Malaysia. This country will become an aged country by 2030 if the number of elderly populations is not offset by childbirth. The Millennial Generation who represents 40 percent of the population is the upholder of the country’s development and prosperity. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify the probability of late marriageand to analyse the factors
affecting the probability of late marriage among the Millennial Generation. A total of 285 undergraduate students under Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (FSSK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysian, single and aged 24 years and below were analyse in this study. The multinomial logistic regression test is used to determine factors that influence the probability of late marriage among the Millennial Generation consisted of individual and family
background, socioeconomic factors, cultural factors and characters of the Millennial Generation. The results show that majority of respondents were unsure about the probability of late marriage. The multinomial logistic regression
analysis shows that socioeconomic factors and cultural factors have influenced the probability of late marriage among the Millennial Generation. Whereas cultural factors and father’s education level which is up to the primary school and below have influenced higher probability of unsure to late marriage compared to the probability of early marriage among the Millennial Generation. The implications of this study require the government and stakeholders to increase the awareness of the millennial generation on the importance of marriage in order to ensure the sustainability of the country’s human resources. Particular attention should be paid to the factors that increase the probability of late marriage, and appropriate action should also be taken.

Keywords: Late marriage; millineal generation; economics; cultural; Malaysia


Full Text:

PDF

References


Amaria, O. 2015. Understanding Y: Global millennials. http://www.uydmedia.com/who-are-global-millennials/ (assessed 9 Oktober 2017).

Anderson, L.R. 2017. Generational differences during young adulthood: Baby boomers vs Millennials. https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-andsciences/ NCFMR/documents/FP/anderson-demographics-baby-boomersmillennials-fp-17-06. pdf (assessed 3 Oktober 2017).

Asliza Yusoff, Noor Hazlina Ahmad and Hasliza Abdul Halim. 2017. Agropreneurship among Gen Y in Malaysia: The role of academic institution. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/313795035_Agropreneurship_among_Gen_Y_in_Malaysia (assessed 9 Oktober 2017).

Beri, N. and Beri, A. 2013. Perception of single women towards marriage, career and education. European Academic Research 1(6): 855-869.

Bozick, R. and Estacion, A. 2014. Do student loans delay marriage? Debt repayment and family formation in young adulthood. Demographic Research 30(69): 1865-1891.

Brons, M.D., Liefbroer, A.C. and Ganzeboom, H.B.G. 2017. Parental socio-economic status and first union formation: Can European variation be explained by the second demographic transition theory? European Sociological Review 33(6):809-822.

Cantalini, S. 2017. Does education affect the timing or probability of family formation? An analysis of educational attainment and first union in Italy. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 49: 1-10.

Cherlin, A. 2009. The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and family in America today. New York: Random House Inc.

Chua Yan Piew. 2009. Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan: Ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan analisis SEM. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

Dhillon, N. and Yousef, T. 2009. Generation in waiting: The unfulfilled promise of young people in the Middle East. Washington: Brooking Institution Press.

Dollahite, D.C., Hawkins, A.J. and Parr, M.R. 2012. Something more: The meanings of marriage for religious couples in America. Marriage and Family Review 48:339-362.

Dubow, E.F., Boxer, P. and Huesmann, L.R. 2009. Long-term effects of parents’ education on children’s educational and occupational success: Mediation by family interactions, child aggression, and teenage aspirations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 55(3): 224-249.

Fatimah Salwa Abd. Hadi, Nurhanie Mahjom, Fidlizan Muhammad, Mohd Yahya Mohd Hussin, Normala Zulkifli, Norimah Rambeli @ Ramli dan Mohamad Azahari Ahmad. 2016. Analisis corak perbelanjaan perkahwinan dalam kalangan graduan. Management Research Journal 6(1): 22-31.

Fauzi Hussin, Jamal Ali dan Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor. 2014. Kaedah penyelidikan dan analisis data SPSS. Sintok: UUM Press.

Fricker, R.D.J. 2008. Sampling methods for web and e-mail surveys. In Fielding, N., Lee, R.M. and Blank, G. (pnyt.). The SAGE handbook of online research methods: Online research methods and social theory, 195-216. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Garland, R. 1991. The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desirable? Marketing Bulletin 2: 66-70.

Gebel, M. and Heyne, S. 2016. Delayed transactions in times of increasing uncertainty: School-to-work transition and the delay of first marriage in Jordan. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 278: 1-12.

George, D. and Mallery, P. 2003. SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 4th Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Goldin, C. and Katz, L.F. 2000. Career and marriage and the age of the pill. American Economic Review 90(2): 461-465.

Haneman, V.J. 2017. Marriage, millennials, and massive student loan debt. Concordia Law Review 2(1): 103-117.

Hymowitz, K., Carroll, J.S., Wilcox, W.B. and Kaye, K. 2013. Knot yet: The benefits and costs of delayed marriage in America. http://nationalmarriageproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/KnotYet-FinalForWeb.pdf (assessed 10 October 2017).

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. 2015. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/ files/4_Portal% 20Content/1_About%20us/7_AnnualReport/Laporan_Tahunan_2015_DOSM.pdf (assessed 17 May 2021).

Jisun, T.F. 2016. Early marriage of women: The case of Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences 6(2): 51-61.

Jones, G.W. and Yeung, W.J. 2012. Marriage in Asia. Journal of Family Issues 35(12): 1567-1583.

Jones, G.W. 2007. Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia. Population and Development Review 33(3): 453-478.

Kalleberg, A. 2011. Good jobs, bad jobs. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kasser, T. and Ryan, R.M. 2001. Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In Schmuck, P. and Sheldon, K.M. (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving, 116-131. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

Katz, M.H. 2011. Multivariable analysis: A practical guide for clinicians and public health researchers. 3rd Edition. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Kim, J. 2012. Past and future of the labor force in emerging Asian economies. Japan and the World Economy 24(2): 87-100.

Krejcie, R.V. and Morgan, D.W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement 30: 607-610.

Lasode, A.O. and Awotedu, F. 2014. Challenges faced by married university undergraduate female students in Ogun State, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 112: 102-113.

Lee, S.M. and Edmonston, B. 2005. New marriages, new families: U.S. racial and Hispanic intermarriages. Population Bulletin 60(2): 3-36.

Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN). 2004. Laporan Penemuan Utama Kajian Penduduk dan Keluarga Malaysia Keempat (KPKM-4) 2004. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Kerajaan.

Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN). 2016. Laporan Penemuan Utama Kajian Penduduk dan Keluarga Malaysia Kelima (KPKM-5) 2014. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Kerajaan.

Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN). 2018. Bujang di Malaysia. http://www.lppkn.gov.my/index.php/perkhidmatankependudukan/655-bujang-di-malaysia.html (assessed 2 January 2018).

Liu, Q. 2012. Unemployment and labor force participation in urban China. China Economic Review 23(1): 18-33.

Mahoney, A. 2010. Religion in families, 1999-2009: A relational spirituality framework. Journal of Marriage and Family 72(4): 805-827.

Martin, S.P., Astone, N.M. and Peters, H.E. 2014. Fewer marriages, more divergence: Marriage projections for millennials to age 40. http://www.urban.org/sites/ default/files/publication/22586/413110-Fewer-Marriages-More-Divergence-Marriage-Projections-for-Millennials-to-Age-.PDF (assessed 10 Ogos 2017).

Milkman, R. 2016. A new political generation: Millennials and the post-2008 wave of protest. American Sociological Review 82(1): 1-31.

Mohd Yusof Kamaruzaman, Mohd Mohd Khairuddin Mohad Sallehuddin, Muhammad Ridhwan Sarifin & Mohamad Fauzi Sukimi. 2020. Konsumerisme dan Kelas Sosial dalam Majlis Perkahwinan Masyarakat Melayu. Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Kemanusiaan Asia Tenggara, 90: 35-49.

Salehuddin Mohd Zahari and Mohd Zulhilmi Suhaimi. 2016. The moderating effects of wedding food costs on the late marriage among the Malay male adults. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts (JTHCA) 8(2): 22-35.

Moon, M. 2011. The effects of divorce on children: Married and divorced parent’s perspectives. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 52: 344-349.

Mooyaart, J.E. and Liefbroer, A.C. 2016. The influence of parental education on timing and type of union formation: Changes over the life course and over time in the Netherlands. Demography 53(4): 885-919.

Nduonofit, L-L. E. and Nwala-Cadger, G. 2015. Unemployment and late marriage: A study of post graduate students of University of Port Harcourt. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research 3(1):1-9.

Nickerson, C., Schwarz, N., Diener, E. and Kahneman, D. 2003. Zeroing in on the dark side of the American dream: A closer look at the negative consequences of the goal for financial success. Psychological Science 14(6): 531-536.

Nooriah Yusof & Zakiyah Jamaluddin. 2018. Kos perbelanjaan perumahan dalam kalangan penduduk kawasan perumahan kos rendah dan sederhana di Pulau Pinang. Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Kemanusiaan Asia Tenggara, 88(1): 167-179.

Nor Amira Mohamad, Zalila Ali, Norlida Mohd Noor and Adam Baharum. 2016. Multinomial logistic regression modelling of stress level among secondary school teachers in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah. Adpavances in Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1750(1): 1-11.

Omandi, W. and Kamonjo, W. 2015. University students' perception of marriage life by gender at Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology 2(7): 2313-3759.

Palamuleni, M.E. 2011. Socioeconomic determinants of age at marriage in Malawi. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3(7): 224-235.

Parker, K. and Stepler, R. 2017. Americans see men as the financial providers, even as women’s contributions grow. http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2017/09/20/ americans-see-men-as-the-financial-providers-even-aswomens-contributions-grow/ (assessed 10 Oktober 2017).

Peng Tey Nai. 2007. Trends in delayed and non-marriage in peninsular Malaysia. Asian Population Studies 3(3): 243-261.

Pew Research Center. 2015. U.S. public becoming less religious. http://www.pewforum. org/2015/11/03/u-s-public-becoming-less-religious/ (assessed 10 Oktober 2017).

Rendon, J.J., Xu, X., Denton, M.L. and Bartkowski, J.P. 2014. Religion and marriage timing: A replication and extension. Religions 5: 834-851.

Retherford, R.D., Ogawa, N. and Matsukura, R. 2011. Late marriage and less marriage in Japan. Population and Development Review 27(1): 65-102.

Rosliana Mohamed, Zaimah, R., Sarmila, M. S. 2020. Kemampuan pemilikan rumah dalam kalangan M40 di Malaysia. Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Kemanusiaan Asia Tenggara, 90: 63-74.

Rosniza Aznie Che Rose, Nur Hanis Misrin, Noordeyana Tambi, Junaidi Awang Besar. 2020. Faktor pemilihan pekerjaan tidak formal dalam kalangan generasi muda. Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Kemanusiaan Asia Tenggara, 90 Isu Khas 1: 147-160.

Seifoori, B. 2016. The impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on age at first marriage among married women in villages of Zabol, Iran. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies 2(4): 2136-2145.

Shafer, K. and James, S.L. 2013. Gender and socioeconomic status differences in first and second marriage formation. Journal of Marriage and Family 75(3): 544-564.

Sigalow, E., Shain, M. and Bergey, M.R. 2012. Religion and decisions about marriage, residence, occupation, and children. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51(2): 304-323.

Strand, S., Cadwallader, S. and Firth, D. 2011. Module 4-binary logistic regression. http://www.restore.ac.uk/srme/www/fac/soc/wie/researchnew/srme/modules/mod4/ (assessed 2 Mac 2018).

Straughan, P.T. 2012. Delayed marriage and ultra-low fertility in singapore-the confounding challenges to social stability. Paper presented at The Population Conundrum- Roundtable on Singapore’s Demographic Challenges. Anjuran The Civil Service College (CSC) dan Institute of Policy Studies (IPS), Orchard, Singapura, 3 Mei.

Strauss, W. and Howe, N. 2000. Millennials rising: The next great generation. New York: Vintage Books.

Syed Abdul Razak Syed Mahadi dan Mustafa Omar. 2007. Pengalaman perubahan keluarga dan tingkat fertiliti di Sabah, Sarawak dan Semenanjung Malaysia: Satu analisis dari aspek demografi. Borneo Research Journal 1: 55-75.

Taylor, P., Passel, J.S., Wang, W. and Velasco, G. 2011. For millennials, parenthood trumps marriage. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2011/03/millennialsmarriage.pdf (assessed 5 Oktober 2017).

Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W.K. and Freeman, E.C. 2012. Generational differences in young adults' life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966-2009. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102(5): 1045-1062.

Twenge, J.M. and Kasser, T. 2013. Generational Changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39(7): 883-897.

Twenge, J.M., Exline, J.J., Grubbs, J.B., Sastry, R. and Campbell, W.K. 2015. Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966-2014. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0121454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121454 (assessed 5 Januari 2018).

Uecker, J.E. and Regnerus, M.D. 2010. Bare market: Campus sex ratios, romantic relationships, and sexual behavior. The Sociological Quarterly 51(3): 408-435.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2017. Gross enrolment ratio by level of education. http://uis.unesco.org/indicator/edupart-er-ger (assessed 11 Oktober 2017).

United Nations. 2013. World Marriage Data 2012. http://www.un.org/esa/population/ publications/WMD2012/MainFrame.html (assessed 27 September 2017).

United Nations. 2015. World Marriage Data 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/ population/theme/marriageunions/index.shtml (assessed 25 September 2017).

Wang, Y. and Griskevicius, V. 2013. Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women’s luxury products as signals to other women. Advances of Consumer Research 40: 83-88.

Wilcox, B., Wolfinger, N. H. and Stokes, C. E. 2016. The role of culture in declining marriage rates. https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-role-of-culture-in-decliningmarriage-rates (assessed 10 Oktober 2017).

Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Vitas, J. M. and Hill, L. M. 2012. When are you getting married? The intergenerational transmission of attitudes regarding marital timing and marital importance. Journal of Family Issues 33(2): 223-245.

Wong, O.M.H. 2005. The socioeconomic determinants of the age at first marriage among women in Hong Kong. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 26(4):529-550.

Xiao, H. 2016. Pemodenan dan pembentukan keluarga Melayu di bandar. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu 9(2): 245-261.

Zaimah Ramli. 2011. Pengaruh faktor pengetahuan, tingkah laku kewangan, dan pembuatan keputusan terhadap kesejahteraan kewangan pekerja sektor awam yang berkahwin. Tesis Dr. Fal, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Zhou, X. and Gao, D.G. 2008. Social support and money as pain management mechanisms. Psychological Inquiry 19(3-4): 127-144.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694