Pilihan Raya di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, 1948-1959 dan Pengenalan First Past The Post (Election in Federation of Malaya, 1948-1959 and Introduction of First Past The Post)

Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Rus, Mohamad Khairul Anuar Mohd Rosli, Aqillah Johar

Abstract


Artikel ini membincangkan pengenalan prinsip First Past The Post (FPTP) dalam sistem pilihan raya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (PTM) antara tahun 1948-1959. FPTP merupakan sistem pemilihan calon yang bertanding dalam sesebuah kawasan pilihan raya dan calon yang memperoleh undi terbesar dikira sebagai pemenang meskipun mereka yang mengundi calon tersebut bukanlah kumpulan yang memperoleh majoriti mutlak. Objektif artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti permulaan prinsip FPTP dan sejauh mana ia membantu mewujudkan dominasi Melayu dalam dua pilihan raya umum era 1950-an. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekan sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer di Arkib Negara yang terdiri daripada Colonial Office, laporan kerajaan dan akhbar. Melalui penelitian ke atas sumber, didapati FPTP secara jelas mula dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya peringkat negeri tahun 1954. Pelaksanaan prinsip ini di peringkat kawasan pilihan raya dilihat tidak bermasalah kerana sistem tersebut hanya memerlukan seorang calon dengan undi terbesar diisytihar sebagai pemenang. Kemenangan Perikatan dengan keahlian majoriti dalam majlis perundangan bagi pilihan raya 1955 membolehkan rundingan ke arah kemerdekaan mengambil langkah yang lebih serius. Dalam konteks sistem pilihan raya, Suruhanjaya Reid, badan yang bertanggungjawab merangka perlembagaan merdeka, memutuskan bahawa sistem pemilihan yang akan dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya pasca merdeka adalah berasaskan prinsip FPTP. Suruhanjaya Reid juga mengambil pendekatan memastikan sempadan kawasan pilihan raya mestilah bersandarkan dominasi Melayu. Harapan tersebut jelas tergambar dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1959 apabila 66 daripada 104 kawasan pilihan raya yang dipertandingkan adalah dominasi Melayu.

Kata kunci: First Past The Post; Suruhanjaya Reid; orang Melayu; pilihan raya; Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.

 

Abstract

 

This article discusses the introduction of the First Past the Post (FPTP) principle in the electoral system in the Federation of Malaya (FOM) between 1948 and 1959. FPTP is a system of selecting candidates contesting in an electoral seat, and the candidate with the highest votes is declared the victor, even if they did not manage to obtain a total majority. This article aims to identify the genesis of the FPTP principle, and to what extent did it ensure Malay dominance in the two general elections in the 1950s. This study uses the historical approach, referring to primary sources in the National Archives such as the Colonial Office (CO) Files, government reports, and periodicals. Through a close reading of the sources, the FPTP was first implemented in the state-level elections in 1954. The implementation of this principle at this electoral level was not negatively viewed as the system only required the candidate with the largest number of votes declared victor. The Alliance victory in the 1955 legislative council elections paved the way for more serious talks towards Independence. Within the context of the electoral system, the Reid Commission, responsible for drafting the constitution, agreed that the selection system for post-Independence elections should be based on the FPTP principle. The Reid Commission also suggests the delineation of election boundaries must be based on Malay dominance. This suggestion was evident in the 1959 General Elections, when 66 out of 104 contested election seats were Malay-dominated.

Keywords: First Past The Post; Reid Commission; Malays; election; Federation of Malaya.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Almanak Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen dan Dewan Undangan Negeri, 1959-1999. 2004. Selangor: Anzagain Sdn Bhd.

Allen, J. de V., Stockwell, A. J. & Wright, L. R. 1981. A Collection of Treaties and Other Documents Affecting The States of Malaysia, 1761-1963 (Volume II). New York: Oceana Publications, Inc.

C.O. 889/2. Jenning’s Paper on State Constitution. 31 Ogos 1956.

C.O. 889/2 (1). Paper on Distribution of Population by Ivor Jennings. 29 Jun 1956.

C.O. 1022/299. Election to State Councils in Federal of Malaya; Recommend Expert Report on Local Goverment.

C.O. 1022/86. Records of Federal Elections Committee Re Consequential Changes After Elections. 1952-1953.

C.O. 1030/129. Constitutional Commission on Malaya Composition. 1955-1956.

C.O. 1030/130. Constitutional Commission on Malaya Composition. 1956.

C.O. 1030/219. F Of M: Policy Regarding State and Settlement Councils Elections. 1954-1955.

C.O. 1030/223. F of M: Results of State and Settlements Councils Election. 1954-1955.

C.O. 1030/225. Results of Federal Legislative Council of Elections, F of M. 1955-1956.

C.O. 1030/524. F of M Constitutional Commission: Consideration of Reid Report by Working Party. 1957.

Council Papers of the Federal Legislative Council (Third Session) February 1950 to January 1951, No. 26.

Fernando, Joseph M. 2006. Sir Ivor Jennings and the Malayan Constitution. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 34(4): 577-597.

Fernando, Joseph M. 2016. Constitutionalism and the Politics of Constitution-making in Malaya, 1956-1957 dalam Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-building in the Aftermath of the British Empire. H. Kumarasingham (Eds.). London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. (hlm. 137-153).

Malay Mail. 1951-1955.

Means, G. P. 1970. Malaysian Politics, London: University of London Press Ltd.

Miller, Harry. 1982. Prince of Premiere: A Biography of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra. Selangor: Eastern Universities Press (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Mohamed Anwar Omar Din, Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan Hussain, Mat Zin Mat Kib, Junaidi Abu Bakar. 2017. Peranan UMNO Menegakkan Islam dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan: Satu Kajian Secara Kronogikal. Akademika, Vol. 87 (1), 91-109.

Nazri Muslim & Azizi Umar. 2017. Malay Royal Institutions According to the Federal Constitution within the Context of Ethnic Relations in Malaysia. Akademika 87 (1), 35-48.

Ratnam, K. J. 1965. Communalism and The Political Process in Malaya, Kuala Lumpur: The University of Malaya Press.

Report of the Constitution Conference, London, January-February 1956. 1956. Kuala Lumpur: Government Press.

Report of the Committee Appointed to Examine the Question of Elections to the Federal Legislative Council, Council Paper No. 20 of 1954.

Report on the First Election of Members to The Legislative Council of The Federation of Malaya. 1955. Kuala Lumpur: Government Press.

Report of the Royal Commission of Enquiry to Investigate into the Workings of Local Authorities in West Malaysia. 1970. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Cetak Kerajaan.

Selangor Government Gazette, No. 5, 28 Februari 1952.

Shad Saleem Faruqi. 2008. Document of Destiny: The Constitution of the Federation of Malaysia, Selangor: Star Publications (Malaysia) Bhd.

The Singapore Free Press. 1959.

The Straits Times. 1951-1956.

Times of Malaya. 1952.

Turnbull, C. M. 1972. The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan Husain, ANisah Che Ngah & Mohamed Anwar Omar Din. 2017. Islam Agama bagi Persekutuan: Satu Kajian Sejarah Perundangan. Akademika 87 (3), 177-193.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694