Pembentukan Keupayaan Individu dalam Kalangan Usahawan (Individual Capacity Building Among Women Entrepreneurs in Small Industry)

Ma’rof Redzuan (Universiti Putra Malaysia), Abd. Razak Abd. Rahman (Universiti Putra Malaysia), Nurfazreen Aina Muhamad Nasharudin (Universiti Putra Malaysia, ereen87@yahoo.com)

Abstract


Individual capacity building is the most important aspect to generate women entrepreneurs empowerment. Capacity building play an important role to produce more successful entrepreneurs. Hence, businesswomen backgrounds are able to influence process of capacity building among entrepreneurs. This research was implemented to identify relationship between businesswomen backgrounds and the level of individual capacity building among small industry women entrepreneurs in Malaysian South Peninsular. Research respondents involved 200 of women entrepreneurs in Johore and Malacca. Research was done by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS v. 16). Research found that majority of women entrepreneurs (63.0%) have high level of knowledge, skills and experiences. However, majority of women entrepreneurs (55.0%) have moderate level of business networking and resources. Finally, research found that majority of women entrepreneurs (53.0%) have high level of leadership. Chi-Square (X2) analysis showed that background of businesswomen have significant relationship with the level of individual capacity building. Implication of the study found there was an important relationship between businesswomen background and the level of individual capacity building that be able to encourage entrepreneurs to be more empowered in business.

Keywords: businesswomen background, capacity building, level of individual capacity building, women entrepreneurship, small business women entrepreneurs

ABSTRAK

Tahap pembentukan keupayaan individu merupakan aspek penting untuk melahirkan usahawan wanita yang berdaya upaya. Maka, pembentukan keupayaan memainkan peranan penting untuk melahirkan usahawan wanita yang lebih berjaya dalam perniagaan. Justeru, latar belakang pengusaha dapat mempengaruhi proses pembentukan keupayaan para peniaga. Dengan demikian, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara latar belakang pengusaha dengan tahap pembentukan keupayaan individu dalam kalangan usahawan wanita industri kecil di Selatan Semenanjung Malaysia. Kajian melibatkan 200 orang responden dalam kalangan peniaga wanita di negeri Melaka dan Johor. Kajian dijalankan dengan menggunakan borang soal selidik. Data yang dikumpul dianalisis menggunakan kaedah perisian Statistical Package for the Social Science, (SPSS v. 16). Dapatan kajian mendapati majoriti usahawan wanita mempunyai tahap pembentukan pengetahuan, kemahiran dan pengalaman yang tinggi iaitu seramai 126 orang (63.0%). Namun, majoriti mereka memperoleh tahap pembentukan rangkaian perniagaan dan akses sumber yang sederhana iaitu seramai 110 orang (55.0%). Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan majoriti usahawan wanita mempunyai tahap pembentukan kepimpinan yang tinggi iaitu seramai 106 orang (53.0%). Hasil analisis ujian Chi-Square mendapati latar belakang pengusaha mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan tahap pembentukan keupayaan individu. Implikasi kajian mendapati perkaitan yang penting antara latar belakang pengusaha dengan tahap pembentukan keupayaan individu mendorong kepada individu yang lebih berdaya upaya dalam perniagaan.

Kata kunci: latar belakang pengusaha, pembentukan keupayaan, tahap pembentukan keupayaan individu, keusahawanan wanita, usahawan wanita industri kecil


Full Text:

PDF

References


Andersson, S. 2003. High-growth firms in the swedish erp industry. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 10(2): 180-193.

Andrea E. Smith-Hunter. 2006. Women Entrepreneurs Across Racial Lines. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Bell & Linda A. 2005. Women-Led Firms and the Gender Gap in Top Executive Jobs. IZA Discussion Paper. No. 1689, Bonn.

Brown, L., LaFond, A. & Macintyre, K. 2001. Measuring Capacity Building. Report by MEASURE Evaluation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.

Cassar, G. 2006 . Entrepreneur opportunity costs and intended venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing 21: 610-632.

Colbert, F. (2003). Entrepreneurship and leadership in marketing the arts. International Journal of Arts Management 6(1): 30-39.

DeMartino, R. & Barbato, R. 2003. Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing 18: 815-832.

Enemark, S. & Williamson, I. 2003. Capacity Building in Land Administration:A Conceptual Approach. Paper presented at FIG Working Week. Paris. (12-17 April).

Enemark, S. 2003. Understanding the Concept of Capacity Building and the Nature of Land Administration Systems. Paper presented at FIG Working Week. Paris, France: April 13-17.

Groot, R. & Van der Molen, P. 2000. Workshop on Capacity Building in Land Administration for Developing Countries. Final Report. ITC: Enchede, The Netherlands. 12-15 November 2000.

Gundry, L. K. & Welsch, H. P. 2001. The ambitious entrepreneur: high growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing 16: 453-470.

Gyapong, J. O. & Ofori-Adjei, D. 2010. Capacity Building for Relevant Health Research in Developing Counties. Accra, Ghana: Health Research Unit Ghana Health Service.

Dalam free-books-online.net/Capacity-Building-for-Relevant-Health Research-in Developing-Counties-pdf.

Harrison, R. T. & Mason, C. M. 2007. Does gender matter? women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31(3): 445-472.

Hutchison, P. & Lord, J. 2003. Individualised support and funding: building blocks for capacity building and inclusion. Journal of Disability & Society 18(1): 71-86.

Jan T.L. Yap. 2009. Integrated Flood Management Open Network Conference & Training of Trainers was held in Jakarta, Indonesia. Cap-Net, World Bank, NUFFIC, CKNet-INA and AguaJaring.Dalam www.nahrim.gov.my/pdf/ToT/.../Capacity%20Building%20Trends.pdf.

Khaairuddin Khalil. 1996. Keusahawanan Sebagai Kerjaya.

Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Kourilsky, M. L. 1995. Entrepreneurship Education: Opportunity in Search of Curriculum. Business Education Forum.

Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership At the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, MO. October 1995.

Kuppusamy, J., Ganesan, J. & Rosada, S. A. 2010. Leadership Styles and Management Techniques: An Analysis of Malaysian Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Communications of the IBIMA 2010: ID 817881,10.

Markovic, M. R. 2007. Women’s Entrepreneurship, informal economy and SME development policies in Serbia Dalam www.ien.bg.ac.rs/download/08_women_entrepreneurship_mr.pdf

Mustaq Ahmad, H. & Shazia Naimat. 2010. Networking and Women Entrepreneurs: Beyond Patriarchal Traditions. 8th. Globelics International Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1-3 November.

Narayan, S. N. & Geethakutty, P. S. 2003. Level of Entrepreneurial Success Among Women Entrepreneurs in Agribusiness. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 41: 41-44.

Nijkamp, P. 2000. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Research Memorandum. December. 2000-42.1-21.

Norita, D., Armaurah, M., Shuhymee, A., Habshah, B., Mohamad Yusop, M. J., Mohd Khairuddin, H. 2007. Keusahawanan. Selangor: McGraw Hill (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.

OECD. 2004. Promoting Entrepreneurship and Innovative SMEs in A Global Economy: Towards A More Responsible and Inclusive Globalisation (Women Entrepreneurship: Issues and Policies). 2nd OECD Conference of Ministers Responsible for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Istanbul, Turkey (June).

Olson, P.D. et al. 2003. The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing 18: 639-666.

Persaud-Kong, R. 2005. Utility Regulatory Institutional Development and Capacity Building. 2nd. OOCUR Workshop. Belize City, Belize: (21-22 March 2005).

Schuftan, C. 1996. The community development dilemma: When are service delivery, capacity building, advocacy and social mobilization really empowering? Community Development Journal 31(3): 260-264.

Shalini Sinha. 2005. Developing Women Entrepreneurs In South Asia: Issues, Initiative and Experiences. Bangkok: United Nation, UNESCAP.

Teoh & Wendy M.Y. 2008. Improving Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia: Policy Recommendations. Communications of the IBIMA 2. 33.

Tulus Tambunan. 2009. Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: Their development and main constraints. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 1(2): 27-40.

UiTM Entrepreneurship Study Group. 2005. Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship. Selangor: Prentice Hall Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

UNESCO. 2006. Guide Book For Planning Education in Emergencies and Reconstruction. Chapter 3. Capacity Building. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.

WED Capacity Building Guide. 2006. Women Entrepreneurship Development: Capacity Building Guide. Development Cooperation Ireland.

Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. 2005. Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing 20: 71-91.

Williamson, I. P., Rajabifard, A. & Enemark, S. 2003. Capacity Building for SDIs. Proceedings of 16th United Nation Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia Pacific. July 14-18. Okinawa, Japan.

Woodland, J. & Hind, J. 2002. Capacity Building Evaluation of Capacity Building Programs. Paper presented at the 2002 Australasian Evaluation Society International Conference. Wollongong Australia. October/November 2002.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694