Pembacaan Ungkapan Literal dan Metafora Melayu: Satu Kajian Penjejakan Mata (Reading Malay Literal And Metaphorical Expressions: An Eye Tracking Study)
Abstract
Bahasa Melayu, sebagaimana bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia, terkenal dengan kepelbagaian ungkapan metafora bagi menyampaikan maksud-maksud tertentu sebagai alternatif kepada penyampaian maksud menggunakan ungkapan literal. Walaupun secara lazimnya penutur sesuatu bahasa itu dapat membezakan ungkapan literal dari ungkapan metafora, tidak banyak diketahui tentang bagaimana perbezaan ini dikenal pasti dalam kognisi penutur. Justeru itu, kajian ini membincangkan proses pembacaan ungkapan literal dan ungkapan metafora dari perspektif psikolinguistik. Kajian yang melibatkan 40 orang pelajar Melayu membaca 40 ayat yang mengandungi 20 ungkapan berbentuk literal dan metafora ini telah menggunakan Alat Pengesan Gerakan Mata (APGM) Tobii TX300 sebagai instrumen kajian untuk menghubungkaitkan pola pergerakan mata dengan kognisi pembaca. Analisis kuantitatif mendapati bahawa enam daripada 20 ungkapan yang dikaji menunjukkan perbezaan yang signifikan antara ungkapan literal dengan ungkapan metafora dari segi visit count, fixation duration, dan fixation count. Analisis kualitatif pula membuktikan terdapatnya perbezaan ke atas kebanyakan ungkapan dari segi heatmaps dan gaze plot pembacaan mereka. Data korpus DBP telah digunakan untuk mewajarkan dapatan ini dengan melihat konteks penggunaan ungkapan-ungkapan yang dikaji ini dalam kehidupan seharian. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa corak pemprosesan ungkapan literal dan metafora Melayu dalam kognisi penuturnya adalah bergantung kepada kekerapan penggunaan ungkapan-ungkapan tersebut, sama ada secara literal mahupun metafora dalam kehidupan penuturnya.
Keywords: kognisi; proses membaca, pengesan mata; ungkapan literal; ungkapan metafora
ABSTRACT
Malay, like any other languages in the world, is known for its diverse metaphorical expressions to convey specific purposes as an alternative to the literal expressions. Although typically, speakers of a language are able to distinguish literal expressions from the metaphorical ones, little is known about how these differences are identified in the cognition. Hence, this paper discusses findings of a study that investigates the cognitive processes in reading Malay literal and metaphorical expressions from a psycholinguistic perspective. This study that involved 40 Malay students reading 40 Malay sentences with 20 literal and 20 metaphorical expressions used the Tobii TX300 Eye Tracking Devices (APGM) as a tool to link eye movement patterns with reader’s cognition. The findings show that only six out of the 20 expressions studied show significant differences between the two expression types in their visit counts, fixation duration, and fixation counts. Qualitatively, analysis of visual representation of heatmaps and gaze plots shows differences when the two types of expressions are read. To explain the difference, the DBP corpus data was used to see how the expressions are used in everyday contexts. This paper concludes that the processing patterns of Malay literal and metaphorical expressions in the cognition of Malay speakers are influenced by the frequency of usage by their speakers.
Keywords: cognition; reading process; eye tracking; literal expression; metaphorical expression
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aitchison, J. (1987). Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Blackwell. USA
Bambini, V., Gentili, C., Recciardi, E., Bertinetto, P.M. & Pietrini, P. (2011). Decomposing metaphor processing at the cognitive and neural level through functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Research
Bulletin. 86, 203-216.
Carrol, G. & Conklin, K. (2014). Getting your wires crossed: Evidence for fast processing of L1 idioms in an L2. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 17(4), 784–797. Cambridge University Press.
Carrol, G. & Conklin, K. (2017). Cross language lexical priming extends to formulaic units: Evidence from eye-tracking suggests that this idea ‘has legs’. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 20(2), 299–317.
Filik, R., Leuthold, H., Wallington, K. & Page, J. (2014). Testing Theories of Irony Processing Using Eye-Tracking and ERPs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 40(3), 811-828.
Gibbs, R.W. (1980). Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory and Cognition. 8, 149–156.
Gibbs, R.W., Nayak, N.P., & Cutting, C. (1989). How to kick the bucket and not decompose: Analyzability and idiom processing. Journal of Memory and Language. 28, 576–593.
Gibbs, R.W. (1991). Semantic analyzability in children’s understanding of idioms. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 34, 613–620.
Gibbs, R.W JR & Tendahl, M. (2006). Cognitive Effort and Effects in Metaphor Comprehension: Relevance Theory and Psycholinguistics. Mind & Language. 21(3), 379-403.
Giora, R. & Fein, O. (1999). Irony: Context and salience. Metaphor and Symbol. 14, 241-257.
Glucksberg, S. (2003). The Psycholinguistics of Metaphor. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences. 7(2), 92-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00040-2.
Ho-Abdullah, I. & Norsimah Mat Awal. (2008). Pengkonseptualan emosi dalam bahasa Melayu: Hati sebagai sumber emosi dan peluasan maknanya. Dlm Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin & Rusmadi Baharudin (Pynt.).
Leksikologi dan Leksikografi Melayu (hlm. 406-427). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
König, P., Wilming, N., Kietzmann, T., Ossandón, J., Onat, S., Ehinger, B., Gameiro, R.R. & Kaspar, K. (2016). Eye movements as a window to cognitive processes. Journal of Eye Movement Research. 9(5), 1-16.
Levorato, M.C. & Cacciari, C. (2002). The Creation of New Figurative Expressions: Psycholinguistics Evidence in Italian Children, Adolescents and Adults. Journal of Child Language. 29(1), 127-150.
Mohamad Shahimin, M. & Razali, A. (2019). An eye tracking analysis on diagnostic performance of digital fundus photography images between ophtalmologists and optometrists. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(30), 1-13.
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Zaharani Ahma & Anida Sarudin. (2011). Daripada `alam darjat` kepada ‘alam fizikal’: Analisis semantik kognitif. Jurnal Melayu. 11(8), 1-26.
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Anida Sarudin, Zaharani Ahmad. (2012). Peluasan Makna Alim: Analisis Semantik Kognitif. GEMA Online™ Journal of Language Studies. 12(2), 457-473.
Norsimah Mat Awal & Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin. (2006). Peluasan makna "Kuat" melalui wanita dalam novel: Satu analisis semantik kognitif. Jurnal Bahasa. 6(2), 311.
Novikova. E.G, Janyan. A. & Tsaregorodtseva. O.V. (2015). Metaphorical Salience in Artistic Text Processing: Evidence from Eye Movement. Perception. 44, 1-5.
Salehuddin, K. (2018a). Psikolinguistik: Penerokaan Minda Berlandaskan Bahasa. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.
Salehuddin, K. (2018b). Konsep ilmu dalam simpulan bahasa dan peribahasa Melayu: Analisis Semantik Kognitif. Dalam Norhashimah Jalaluddin. Kiasan, Kognisi dan Akal Budi Melayu. (hlm. 106-125). Bangi:
Penerbit UKM.
Salehuddin, K. (2018c). The value of KNOWLEDGE in the Malay mind: A cognitive semantic approach. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies. 14(2), 39-59. https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2018.14.2.2
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2020-2002-02
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
eISSN : 2550-2131
ISSN : 1675-8021