Analisis sekatan bilateral Amerika Syarikat terhadap Myanmar (Analysis of the United States bilateral sanctions towards Myanmar)

Aini Fatihah Roslam, Nor Azizan Idris, Zarina Othman

Abstract


Sekatan bilateral Amerika Syarikat terhadap Myanmar bermula rentetan dua peristiwa iaitu, Pemberontakan 8888 dan Pilihanraya Umum 1990. Kedua-dua peristiwa ini dianggap sebagai titik perubahan hubungan kedua-dua negara tersebut. Tindakan Amerika Syarikat ke atas Myanmar disebabkan wujudnya ketidakadilan dalam keputusan pilihanraya tahun 1990 dan pencabulan hak asasi manusia oleh pemimpin Junta Myanmar. Oleh itu, sebagai bantahan, Amerika Syarikat menggunakan instrumen sekatan terhadap Myanmar. Kajian ini mengkaji bentuk sekatan yang dikenakan oleh kuasa besar tersebut ke atas Myanmar antara tahun 1990-2010. Kajian turut merungkai faktor yang mempengaruhi pembuatan dasar sekatan oleh Amerika Syarikat terhadap Myanmar. Bagi mendapatkan hasil yang holistik, dua kaedah telah digunakan iaitu temubual bersemuka dengan pakar bidang dari Myanmar dan menganalisis data sekunder hasil karya sarjana terpilih yang mendalami isu ini. Kajian mendapati terdapat pola perubahan dasar sekatan bilateral Amerika Syarikat terhadap Myanmar disebabkan oleh faktor sistemik dan domestik. Ini termasuklah pengukuhan hubungan China dengan Myanmar, persepsi pemimpin dan peranan pelaku berkepentingan iaitu Dewan Senat serta Kongres Amerika Syarikat. Selain itu, sebahagian implementasi sekatan ke atas Myanmar ‘tersasar’ kerana akan menggalakkan Myanmar terus memencilkan diri atau mendekatkan diri dengan negara China demi kelangsungan hidup. Justeru, sekatan terhadap Myanmar perlu mempunyai penanda aras yang kukuh. Misalnya, pindaan terhadap sekatan visa perlu dilaksanakan bagi membolehkan penjawat awam Myanmar memasuki Amerika Syarikat atau negara-negara Barat bagi tujuan pendidikan dan pendedahan berkenaan demokrasi.


Keywords


Amerika Syarikat; demokrasi; hak asasi manusia; Myanmar; Pemberontakan 8888; sekatan bilateral

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References


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