CONFLICTS IN THE NARRATIVE OF GEOPOLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN HIJAZ, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AND THE BRITISH IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES [KONFLIK DALAM NARATIF HUBUNGAN GEOPOLITIK ANTARA HIJAZ, KERAJAAN UTHMANIYAH DAN BRITISH PADA ABAD KE-19 DAN 20]
Abstract
Abstrak
Eksistensi Hijaz amat sinonim sebagai sebuah wilayah supranasional lantaran wujudnya kota suci umat Islam iaitu Mekah dan Madinah. Kedudukan ini sekaligus mengangkat hierarkinya sebagai tempat yang sakral dalam Islam secara universal. Setelah menguasai Mesir pada tahun 1517, Kerajaan Uthmaniyah secara rasminya berkuasa ke atas Hijaz. Rentetan itu, Hijaz bukan sahaja menjalin hubungan yang erat dengan Kerajaan Uthmaniyah selaku pengelola institusi khilafah, bahkan turut menjadi medan percaturan kuasa Barat terutamanya British yang ditunjangi kepentingan-kepentingan tertentu. Situasi ini mencetuskan hubungan tiga hala antara Hijaz dengan dua kuasa besar tersebut. Oleh itu, makalah ini menganalisis hubungan tiga hala tersebut, iaitu antara Kerajaan Uthmaniyah, British dan Hijaz dengan berwacanakan naratif dan konflik yang berlaku. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan kaedah kepustakaan dan kajian sejarah bagi menuntaskan hasil interpretasi daripada beberapa peristiwa sejarah yang membuktikan eksistensi hubungan tiga hala tersebut. Kajian mendapati bahawa plot hubungan antara Kerajaan Uthmaniyah, Hijaz dan British didasari oleh kepentingan ketiga-tiga pihak menerusi beberapa isu yang berlaku dalam naratif sejarah. Status hubungan antara ketiga-tiga pihak sebagai sekutu dan seteru menunjukkan perubahan yang tidak malar sepanjang abad ke-19 dan 20 khususnya menerusi perbenturan dwi-pemerintahan antara Vali dan Amir Mekah, pengurusan hal-ehwal haji, pembinaan Landasan Kereta Api Hijaz, pembinaan telegraf Istanbul-Mekah, penguatkuasaan Polisi Arab dan kemuncaknya adalah berlakunya Revolusi Arab pada tahun 1916 hingga 1918 yang membawa kesan yang fundamental kepada perpecahan wilayah Arab dan bibit-bibit kejatuhan Kerajaan Uthmaniyah.
Kata Kunci: Hubungan geopolitik; British; Kerajaan Uthmaniyah; Hijaz; Konflik.
Abstract
The existence of Hijaz is highly synonymous as a supranational region due to the presence of the Islamic holy cities, Mecca and Medina. This status elevates its hierarchy as a sacred place in Islam universally. After conquering Egypt in 1517, the Ottoman Empire officially assumed control over Hijaz. Consequently, Hijaz not only established close ties with the Ottoman Empire as the administrator of the caliphate institution but also became a focal point for Western power struggles, particularly the British, driven by specific interests. This situation sparked a triangular relationship between Hijaz and these two major powers. Therefore, this paper analyzes the triangular relationship between the Ottoman Empire, the British, and Hijaz by examining narratives and conflicts that unfolded. This qualitative study employs library research and historical analysis to interpret various historical events that substantiate the existence of this triangular relationship. The study finds that the dynamics among the Ottoman Empire, Hijaz, and the British were shaped by the interests of all three parties through a series of historical issues. The relationship status among these parties, oscillating between alliances and rivalries, witnessed fluctuations throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly through dual-governance conflicts between the Vali and Amir of Mecca, the administration of Hajj affairs, the construction of the Hijaz Railway, the establishment of the Istanbul-Mecca telegraph line, the enforcement of Arab Policies, and ultimately culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916–1918. This revolt left a profound impact on the fragmentation of Arab territories and planted the seeds for the Ottoman Empire's downfall.
Keywords: Geopolitical relations; British; Ottoman Empire; Hijaz; Conflict
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