THE MILITARY TRANSFORMATION OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE DURING AKBAR'S REIGN (1556–1605) [TRANSFORMASI KETENTERAAN MUGHAL ERA PEMERINTAHAN AKBAR (1556-1605)]

Mohamad Zulfazdlee Abul Hassan Ashari, Muhammad Syahmi Abu Sofian, Nursafira Lubis Safian, Ammalina Dalillah Mohd. Isa

Abstract


Abstrak

Kerajaan Mughal mula meniti era kecemerlangan setelah Akbar menerajui Kerajaan Mughal pada tahun 1556. Sepanjang 49 tahun pemerintahannya, pelbagai perancangan dan dasar telah dilaksanakan bagi memastikan kelestarian Kerajaan Mughal, antaranya transformasi ketenteraan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti latar belakang kehidupan dan daya kepimpinan Akbar yang menjadi tunjang kepada transformasi ketenteraan Mughal. Selain itu, kajian ini turut menganalisis pelan transformasi ketenteraan Mughal yang telah diusahakan. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif menerusi pendekatan kajian sejarah dan analisis kandungan dalam proses pengumpulan dan analisis data terhadap sumber primer dan sekunder. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penglibatan awal Akbar dalam ketenteraan dan bimbingan secara berterusan daripada golongan aristokrat Mughal telah membentuk sahsiah dan daya kepimpinan Akbar. Hal sedemikian turut membentuk gaya politik Akbar yang akhirnya terserlah dalam pelan transformasi ketenteraan Mughal, seperti dasar perluasan wilayah, pemerkasaan aspek ketenteraan dan pengukuhan sistem mansab. Transformasi ketenteraan yang dilaksanakan telah menaikkan reputasi Kerajaan Mughal sebagai kerajaan yang kuat di India sekaligus mengukuhkan keupayaan kerajaan tersebut dalam menghadapi ancaman.

Kata Kunci: Mughal, India, Akbar, transformasi ketenteraan, mansab

 

Abstract

The Mughal Empire began to reach an era of excellence after Akbar took the helm in 1556. Throughout his 49-year reign, various plans and policies were implemented to ensure the sustainability of the Mughal Empire, among them military transformation. This study aims to examine the background of Akbar's life and leadership qualities that served as the foundation for the Mughal military transformation. Additionally, this study analyzes the military transformation plans undertaken by the Mughals. The study uses qualitative methods through historical research and content analysis in the collection and analysis of data from primary and secondary sources. The findings show that Akbar's early involvement in the military and continuous guidance from Mughal aristocrats shaped his character and leadership qualities. This influence also shaped Akbar's political style, which ultimately became evident in the Mughal military transformation plans, including territorial expansion policies, the strengthening of military aspects, and the consolidation of the mansab system. The military transformations implemented enhanced the Mughal Empire's reputation as a strong empire in India, thus strengthening its ability to face threats.

Keywords: Mughal, India Akbar, military transformation, mansab


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References


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