Teknologi Rahim Buatan Menurut Perspektif Islam

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Teknologi Rahim Buatan (Artificial Womb Technology) ialah peranti yang direka untuk meniru keadaan rahim bagi membolehkan perkembangan janin di luar badan ibu kandung berlaku. Antara tujuan teknologi ini diperkenalkan adalah untuk membolehkan wanita mendapat anak tanpa perlu mengandung, khususnya kepada wanita yang berisiko, lanjut usia, mandul, wanita tanpa rahim dan mempunyai masalah kesihatan. Ia juga dijangka mampu menyelamatkan nyawa bayi yang dilahirkan dalam keadaan pramatang sebelum cukup 37 minggu. Namun begitu, ia telah menimbulkan pelbagai isu etika khususnya melibatkan beberapa hak seperti hak autonomi kehamilan dan reproduktif yang khusus bagi wanita, hak janin, serta hak dan tanggungjawab ibu bapa. Dari sudut syarak pula, ia mungkin menimbulkan beberapa masalah yang mungkin menyebabkan para ulama tidak bersetuju dengan perkara ini seperti mengubah ciptaan Allah SWT yang telah menetapkan proses kejadian bayi melalui kehamilan di dalam rahim wanita, potensi manipulasi nyawa manusia walaupun pada peringkat embrio dan janin dan peranan ibu yang mengandungkan bayi tersebut khususnya proses penasaban anak kepada ibunya sendiri. Justeru, artikel ini akan membincangkan secara ringkas perbincangan tersebut dari perspektif Islam. Rujukan akan dibuat kepada pelbagai konsep dan prinsip yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan manusia, kehamilan, kelahiran dan keibuan seperti yang dinyatakan dalam al-Quran. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat kemungkinan ia tidak diterima oleh ulama Islam kerana ia mungkin bertentangan dengan beberapa prinsip Islam berkenaan kehamilan, keibuan (motherhood), penasaban dan pertimbangan maqasid syariah.

Kata kunci: Rahim buatan; maqasid syariah; pengubahan ciptaan Allah SWT; kehamilan

ABSTRACT

Artificial Womb Technology (AWT) is a device designed to simulate the conditions of the uterus, allowing for fetal development outside the mother’s womb. This technology will enable women to have children without experiencing pregnancy. It is particularly useful for those at risk, older individuals, those who are infertile, women without a womb, or those facing health issues. It is also anticipated that this may potentially save the lives of prematurely born infants before they reach the 37th week of gestation. Nevertheless, it has raised numerous ethical issues, particularly involving various rights such as the right to pregnancy and reproductive autonomy specific to women, fetal rights, as well as the rights and responsibilities of parents. From an Islamic perspective, it may give rise to several issues that could lead scholars to disagree with it, such as altering the creation of Allah SWT, who has determined the process of childbirth through pregnancy within a woman’s womb. There is also the potential manipulation of human life, even at the embryonic and fetal stages, and the role of the mother carrying the baby, especially in the process of bonding the child to her. Therefore, this article aims to discuss these considerations from an Islamic perspective, drawing references to various concepts and principles related to human life, pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood as stated in the Quran and the Prophet’s hadith. The study’s findings suggest that contemporary Islamic scholars may not accept it, as it could potentially conflict with some Islamic principles related to pregnancy, motherhood, bonding, and the consideration of maqasid syariah.

Keywords: Artificial womb; maqasid shariah; alteration of Allah’s creation; pregnancy