Hubungan Linguistik Variasi Melayu Sekadau, Kuching dan Saribas: Suatu Hipotesis Awal (The Linguistic Relationship of Sekadau, Kuching and Saribas Malay: A Preliminary Hypothesis )

CHONG SHIN

Abstract


ABSTRAK: Makalah ini menganalisis hubungan kekerabatan tiga variasi Melayu di tiga kawasan yang berbeza di Borneo Barat, iaitu Sekadau (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia), Kuching dan Saribas (Sarawak). Adalah suatu hakikat bahawa faktor geografi mendorong pembentukan berbagai variasi bahasa dan dialek. Untuk kes variasi Melayu Sekadau, Kuching dan Saribas, ketiga-tiga dialek ini sesungguhnya dipisahkan oleh berbagai bentuk muka bumi yang rencam, iaitu sungaisungai, banjaran, hutan belantara, bukit-bukit dan paya. Daripada segi hubungan, penutur di Kuching dan Saribas tiada hubungan sosial dengan penutur di Sekadau. Namun hasil analisis dan perbandingan linguistik menunjukkan kadar persamaan linguistik antara ketiga-tiga variasi ini sangat tinggi. Ini menimbulkan persoalan mengapa terdapat hubungan linguistik yang dekat sedangkan terdapat pemisahan geografi, dan tiada hubungan sosial dalam kalangan penuturnya. Untuk menghuraikan fenomena ini, penulis menggunakan hipotesis Nothofer (1997), iaitu terdapat satu rantaian bahasa-bahasa Melayik di Borneo Barat. Bahasa yang memaparkan ciri bunyi /-h/ > /-Ɂ/, pengguguran /h/ pada awal kata, penambahan /-Ɂ/ di akhir kata tertentu dan /-k/ berkontras dengan /-Ɂ/ adalah bahasa dalam Rantaian Bahasa Melayik Borneo Barat. Variasi Melayu Sekadau, Kuching, Saribas merupakan ahli rantaian kerana memiliki ciri-ciri linguistik ini. Diandaikan bahawa variasi-variasi dalam rantaian ini berasal daripada bahasa Melayik Purba dan migrasi purba pernah berlaku dalam kalangan penuturnya sehingga membentuk landskap persebaran seperti hari ini.

Kata kunci: Variasi Melayu; faktor geografi; rantaian bahasa

 

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the relationship of Malay variations spoken in three different regions of Western Borneo, namely Sekadau (West Kalimantan, Indonesia), Kuching and Saribas (Sarawak). It is a fact that the formation or distribution of dialects may be affected by the geography factor. For the case of Sekadau, Kuching and Saribas variations, these three locations are separated by rivers, mountain range, jungle, hill and swamp. It is also observed that there is no social connection among the speaker of Kuching and Saribas with the people resided in Sekadau. Nevertheless, the linguistic comparative analysis reveals, the Sekadau, Kuching and Saribas variations exhibited a high degree of similarity. The question is, why such variations are not being halted by natural geographical features? To explain this phenomenon, the author applied Nothofer (1997), hypothesis about the existence of Western Borneo Malayic Language Chain. Based on this hypothesis, the language that exhibited the characteristic of /-h/ >/-Ɂ/; the deletion of /h-/; the adding of /-Ɂ/ in word-final position; and, /-k/and /-Ɂ/ are two distinct phonemes, considered as the member in this language chain. The research concluded that Malay variations in Sekadau, Kuching and Saribas are equipped with linguistic features claimed to be the member of the Western Borneo Malayic Language Chain. This study assumes that the variations in this chain are derived from the Ancient Malay language where the speakers are not affected despite being separated due to geographical factors.

Keywords: Malay variations; geographical factors; language chain


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