Implementasi Dasar Sosial dan Impak kepada Komuniti: Kajian Perbandingan di Malaysia dan Indonesia (Implementation and Impact of Social Policy toward Community: Comparative Study in Malaysia and Indonesia)
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Pembangunan sosial merupakan sebahagian daripada penyumbang kepada kemajuan negara. Kerangka pembangunan ekonomi yang mendasari kemajuan negara-negara dunia lebih lima dekad yang lalu semakin diselarikan dengan kerangka pembangunan sosial kerana implikasi yang besar ke atas pembangunan manusia dan alam sekitar. Kajian ini ingin melihat bagaimana dasar sosial dilaksanakan di kedua-dua buah negara dan sejauh mana pelaksanaannya memberi impak kepada komuniti setempat. Kaedah kuantitatif dan kualitatif digunakan secara bersama untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih jelas dalam pelaksanaan dasar sosial. Data kajian dikumpulkan melalui set borang soal selidik, rujukan dan perbincangan dengan kumpulan pakar, perbincangan kumpulan berfokus dan pemerhatian langsung. Penekanan ke atas pembangunan sosial yang bermula sekitar tahun 1980-an telah dilihat penting demi kelestarian dan kemajuan sesebuah negara. Bentuk dan corak pentadbiran di Malaysia dan Indonesia mempengaruhi pembangunan sosial kedua-dua buah negara. Situasi sosial jauh berbeza berdasarkan jumlah penduduk, perubahan-perubahan yang berlaku dan trend dalam sejarah pembangunan negara. Perbezaan ini wujud disebabkan usaha-usaha pembasmian kemiskinan yang dilakukan oleh kedua-dua buah negara bergerak pada kadar yang tidak sekata. Pembentukan dasar sosial menjadi bertambah penting untuk mengurus komuniti yang semakin berkembang dan kompleks. Dalam melaksanakan perancangan pembangunan sosial, persekitaran semula jadi dalam hubungan di antara pelaksana dasar dan kumpulan sasar adalah sama penting dengan kandungan dasar. Impak dasar sosial dalam pendidikan, kesihatan dan kerjaya, kerapkali bergantung kepada aktiviti yang terlibat dalam kalangan individu dan komuniti. Memberi tumpuan kepada hubungan dan interaksi ini dapat meningkatkan kefahaman impak dasar sosial dalam kalangan komuniti di Malaysia dan Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Dasar sosial, pembangunan sosial, impak kepada komuniti
ABSTRACT: Social development is one of the contribution factors to the country’s progress. Over the past five decades, economic development framework underlying the progress of the world had increasingly aligned with the social development framework following huge implications on human development and the environment. This study is about how social policies are implemented in both countries and their impacts to the local communities. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used together to get a clear result in the implementation of social policy. Data was collected through a set of questionnaires, references and discussions with expert groups, focus groups and direct observation. The emphasis on social development that began around the 1980’s was seen as vital for the sustainability and progress of a country. The patterns of governance in Malaysia and Indonesia affect social development of both countries. Social situations are differ based on the total population, the changes and trends in the history of development of the country. This difference exists because poverty eradication efforts made by both countries to move on uneven stage. Thus, social policy development is becoming increasingly important to manage a growing complex community. In planning social development, the relationship between policy implementers and target groups are important as the policy content itself. Impact of social policies in education, health and career, often depending on the activities involved in individuals and communities. Focuses on the relationship and interaction can enhance the understanding of social policy impact among communities in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Keywords: Social policy, social development, impact on the community
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