Model Industri Pertahanan Malaysia dan Indonesia (Defence Industry Models of Malaysia and Indonesia)
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Kajian perbandingan ini meneroka sektor pertahanan Malaysia dan Indonesia dengan menekankan kepada laluan pembangunan, matlamat strategik, dan halangan operasi yang dihadapi oleh kedua-dua negara. Kedua-duanya telah memulakan usaha pengeluaran senjata tempatan bagi mengukuhkan autonomi strategik, namun memilih model pembangunan yang berbeza, dipengaruhi oleh konteks politik, ekonomi dan teknologi masing-masing. Kajian ini bertujuan menilai keberkesanan model setiap negara dalam membina asas industri pertahanan yang berdaya tahan, dengan tumpuan khusus kepada kerangka dasar, kerjasama antarabangsa, dan keupayaan tempatan. Terdapat dua jenis model yang ditelusuri iaitu model teknonasionalisme dan model perikatan strategik. Metodologi kajian ini merangkumi analisis menyeluruh terhadap dokumen dasar kerajaan, Kertas Putih Pertahanan, dan penerbitan sektor industri, yang turut disokong oleh temu bual bersama pakar industri pertahanan dan pembuat dasar. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa sektor pertahanan Malaysia yang dicirikan oleh penswastaan dan struktur institusi yang terpecah telah mencapai kemajuan terhad dalam bidang khusus seperti penyelenggaraan, pembaikan dan pembaikan semula (MRO) serta pemasangan kenderaan berperisai ringan, walaupun masih sangat bergantung kepada teknologi yang diimport. Sebaliknya, model yang diterajui kerajaan Indonesia, yang berpaksikan lima syarikat milik kerajaan utama, menunjukkan keupayaan yang lebih kukuh dalam pembinaan kapal dan sektor aeroangkasa, meskipun masih bergantung kepada input teknologi luar. Penubuhan Defence Industry Indonesia (Defend ID) pada tahun 2022 mencerminkan langkah institusi yang disengajakan ke arah meningkatkan kebergantungan kendiri. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa walaupun kedua-dua negara menghadapi pelbagai kekangan yang ketara, model terintegrasi dan reformasi institusi terkini di Indonesia mungkin menawarkan laluan yang lebih mampan untuk mencapai industri pertahanan yang berdikari.
Kata kunci: Industri Pertahanan; Indonesia; Malaysia; Teknonasionalisme; Perikatan Stategik
ABSTRACT: This comparative research explores the defense sectors of Malaysia and Indonesia, emphasizing their developmental paths, strategic goals, and operational hurdles. Both nations have embarked on domestic arms manufacturing to bolster strategic autonomy, yet they have followed divergent models influenced by their respective political, economic, and technological environments. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of each nation’s approach in cultivating a resilient defense industrial foundation, with particular focus on policy architecture, international collaborations, and indigenous competencies. There are two types of models explored, namely the technonationalism model and the strategic alliance model. The research methodology encompasses an extensive analysis of government policy texts, defense white papers, and sectoral publications, enriched by interviews with defense specialists and policymakers. The results reveal that Malaysia’s defense sector marked by privatization and institutional fragmentation has achieved limited advancements in niches such as maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) and the assembly of light armored vehicles, though it remains substantially reliant on imported technologies. In contrast, Indonesia’s government-driven model, anchored by f ive principal state-owned enterprises, demonstrates stronger capabilities in naval construction and aerospace, despite ongoing dependence on external technological inputs. The formation of Defence Industry Indonesia (Defend ID) in 2022 signifies a deliberate institutional step towards enhanced self-sufficiency. The research concludes that, although both countries encounter notable constraints, Indonesia’s consolidated framework and recent structural reforms may provide a more viable trajectory for attaining a self-reliant defense industry.
Keywords: Defence Industry; Indonesia; Malaysia; Technonationalism; Strategic Alliance
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