Digital Identity Formation Among Generation Z in Turkey: A Mixed-Methods Study in Manuel Castells' Network Society

Fathul Qorib, Mert Gürer

Abstract


This study explores how social media shapes the digital identities of Generation Z in Turkey, using Manuel Castells’ Network Society theory as a framework. The study tested two hypotheses: (1) social media influences digital self-representation; (2) social approval through likes and comments increases self-esteem and social acceptance. A mixed-methods approach was used: a structured questionnaire captured quantitative data, while open-ended questions were employed to explore participants’ experiences and perspectives as qualitative data. The survey involved 71 students from the Faculty of Communication at Kocaeli University, selected purposively for their active social media use. Quantitative data, collected through a structured questionnaire, revealed that the use of social media has no significant effect on digital self-representation (p = 0.708), contrary to the hypothesis. However, online social validation through likes and comments has a significant effect on self-esteem (p < 0.01). Qualitative data further revealed that participants actively curate idealized versions of themselves on social media, balancing authenticity with aspirations. Many expressed how likes and comments directly influence their confidence and sense of belonging. This study provides insight into the empowering aspects as well as the challenges of social media, emphasizing the need for digital literacy to manage its psychological impact. These findings provide important insights into the role of social media in identity formation, as well as offering recommendations for the world of education, mental health professionals, and policymakers.

 

Keywords: Generation Z, identity formation, network society, social validation, Turkey.

 

https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2026-4201-12


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