Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication
If the article is accepted for publication, copyright of this article will be vested to UKM Press, National University of Malaysia (UKM). All articles published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.
Cross-Cultural Communication Model in Community Development in the Indonesia-Papua New Guidea Border Market
The border market located in Skouw Village, Indonesia–Papua New Guinea (PNG), serves as a trade hub for both nations. The diversity of people from various ethnic backgrounds in this border market fosters interethnic communication between Indonesian and PNG citizens. In addition to language differences, variations in social and cultural backgrounds shape interactions between traders and buyers. This study aims to analyse cross-cultural communication interactions at the border market, examine the individual characteristics of the community, and explore interethnic communication models in the marketplace. The findings reveal the complexity of communication between different ethnic groups in the Skouw border market, encompassing both intercultural and cross-cultural interactions. The communication dynamics among individuals at the border market are influenced by their respective cultural norms when engaging in dialogue. Both positive and negative factors impact communication effectiveness, as illustrated in intercultural communication models. Positive influences include individual characteristics, cultural awareness, sensitivity in intercultural interactions, adherence to norms, intercultural intelligence, and negotiation skills. Enhancing communication skills is directly associated with improved communication effectiveness. On the other hand, communication barriers negatively affect interactions, as an increase in these obstacles leads to a decline in communication effectiveness. These findings underscore the importance of fostering intercultural competence and minimizing barriers to achieve more effective communication outcomes in cross-cultural interactions at the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border market. Keywords: Inter-ethnic interaction, cross-cultural communication model, community development, Papua-New Guinea border market, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-01
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication
Empowering Digital Audiences: A Uses and Gratifications Theory Analysis of Streaming Platform Selection Among Youth in Indonesia and China
This study examines the motivations and behaviours of Indonesian and Chinese university students in using digital streaming platforms, applying the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) theoretical framework. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed online to 150 respondents in each country, supplemented by qualitative interviews and thematic analysis. The results reveal four dominant motivations: entertainment, escapism, social interaction, and learning. While these motivations appear in both contexts, their expression is shaped by cultural orientations and socio-technical ecosystems. Indonesian students emphasize action and drama genres that combine entertainment with moral and educational value, often extending viewing into peer discussions and cognitive learning through documentaries. Chinese students, in contrast, prefer comedy and romance as stress-relief mechanisms within a competitive academic environment, with collectivist values reinforced by platform-based interactions such as danmu (real-time comments). The findings confirm entertainment and escapism as universal gratifications, while cognitive and social motivations vary significantly across cultures. This study extends U&G theory beyond Western contexts, offering theoretical insights and practical implications for streaming service providers, policymakers, and educators. It highlights the importance of localized strategies in the global streaming industry, where content must adapt to cultural expectations and audience needs to remain relevant in the rapidly evolving digital media landscape. Keywords: Uses and gratifications, film, streaming platforms, media consumption, digital viewing. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-02
Health Communication Management for Stunting Reduction: A Case Study of Lhokseumawe
In Indonesia, stunting is a critical public health concern, with Aceh suffering from a nationally significant increase in the third prevalence of 33.2% in 2021. However, Lhokseumawe has achieved a substantial decrease this year, reducing stunting become 17.4% in 2024, below the national average. This qualitative exploratory study investigates the role of integrated health communication management in this success, focusing on the PPS (Diet, Parenting, Sanitation) program in four sub-districts. Through in-depth interviews with nine informants (healthcare workers, posyandu cadres, and community members), validated through triangulation, this study identifies key strategies: the BAAS program, the Gampong Nutrition House, and Supplementary Feeding, supported by pentahelix collaboration and media campaigns. This initiative promotes behavioural change by increasing nutritional awareness and community engagement. Challenges include misunderstandings about stunting, low stunting literacy, and socioeconomic barriers. The stunting management model in Lhokseumawe City aligns with the National Action Plan for Stunting Prevention (RAN PASTI) and global SDG targets, offering a replicable framework for regions with high prevalence. The findings emphasise the need for culturally sensitive communication and synergy across communication fields to sustain the decline. This study fills a gap in understanding how structured health communication transforms knowledge into action, providing insights to improve stunting prevention in Aceh and surrounding areas. Keywords: Management communication, health issue, reduce stunting, pentahelix model, stunting in Lhokseumawe City. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-03
The Impact of Celebrity Endorsement: FOMO and FOPO on Consumer Decision-Making in the Digital Age
In the age of the internet, the marketing strategy of celebrity endorsement has increased in popularity. This line of thinking misses out on understanding the increasing psychological nuances of consumers and more specifically on the aspects of FOMO and FOPO. Earlier marketing theories suggested that FOMO is a strong motivator for unplanned purchases, yet recent patterns in consumer behaviour suggest that social anxiety may, in fact, make people less likely to purchase things. Likewise, FOPO may restrict the benefit that a company hopes to gain from celebrity endorsement as more and more consumers pay attention to how their decisions are socially perceived. The target population of this research is highly active digital platforms mostly appealing to the Generation Z demographic. The collected data will be analysed using structural equation modelling to determine the mediating effects of FOMO and moderating effects of FOPO on the relationship between celebrity endorsement and consumer behaviour. The central results suggest that FOMO does not necessarily promote impulsive purchases; rather, it may trigger anxiety that causes purchases to be postponed or avoided altogether. This unexpected finding highlights the complexity of psychological responses in digital consumer culture. Furthermore, the effect of celebrities marketing products is less effective because of FOPO, which implies that concern for social validation makes consumers overly suspicious of influencer marketing. These results challenge the widely accepted belief that consumption is immensely influenced by celebrity endorsement. Practically, marketers are advised to emphasize authenticity and trust-building strategies, rather than relying solely on celebrity appeal. More attention should be given regarding how these digital consumption strategies influence consumer trust in the long run, as well as the cross-cultural differences in the psychological impact of FOMO and FOPO on purchasing behaviour. Keywords: Celebrity endorsement, FOMO, FOPO, consumer behaviour, digital marketing. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-04
Media Construction of Electoral Fraud in the 2024 Indonesian General Election
This study examines how the media portrays electoral fraud during the 2024 Indonesian General Elections, particularly emphasizing the coverage provided by Tempo News magazine. This study examines how cultural, political, and economic issues influence news narratives, revealing the media’s ability to set the agenda and shape public discussions. Through its analysis, this study shows that Tempo news coverage mainly focuses on the disclosure of the involvement of the President, his brother-in-law, and the first lady in designating the President’s son as a vice-presidential candidate and the disclosure of the state agencies’ support for the campaign of the President’s son as vice presidential candidate. It also finds that Tempo News magazine has established itself as a news media magazine that consistently delivers news objectively and fairly, free from any influence or bias from political, economic, or power-related interests. This research contributes to the scholarly discussion on the impact of media on democratic processes, emphasizing the significance of ethical and accountable journalism in fostering openness and well-informed decision-making. The results provide practical suggestions for improving the quality and impartiality of news coverage, highlighting the importance of precise and fair reporting in promoting democratic principles and institutions. Keywords: Media construction, electoral fraud, textual analysis, Indonesian general elections, tempo news magazine. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-05
The Production of Space of Refugees' Identity: Visual Analysis of BBC Indonesia's Rohingya Representation
This study conducts a thorough analysis of how BBC Indonesia visually portrays Rohingya refugees between 2020 and 2023. It emphasizes the complex influence of the media in affecting public opinions amid a humanitarian crisis. Although media coverage of refugees in Indonesia is not as extensive as in Europe, it remains significant due to the persistent crises impacting the Rohingya people. This investigation examines whether Indonesian media, similar to European media, perpetuates stereotypes that could impact societal views towards refugees. This study examines the impact of visual media, namely the images used by BBC Indonesia, on the formation and comprehension of Rohingya identities. The result reveals contradictions in the visual narratives of this major news platform, which are designed to promote unity and shed light on the challenges experienced by refugees. However, it also examines the potential for these portrayals to unintentionally strengthen exclusionary political beliefs. The findings suggest that although the purpose of the representation is to evoke empathy and garner support for the Rohingya, certain depictions may inadvertently reinforce negative stereotypes and promote isolation. This study also highlights the crucial importance for media organizations to be aware of the influence their depictions might have on public perception and government decisions regarding refugees. It proposes adopting a more cautious approach when visually documenting such delicate topics. Keywords: Media representations, space of identity, refugee, visual image, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-06
Mapping the 2024 Indonesian Election Process: An Analysis of the Existence of Monitoring Strategies in Online News Coverage
Online news media has played a crucial role in providing information that can influence public opinion during elections. This study aims to investigate the themes of election monitoring strategies for the 2024 election and gain a deeper understanding of the related techniques. The research employs a qualitative approach with content analysis to identify themes and aspects within election monitoring strategies. Data analysis in this article is supported by the adoption of NVivo 12 software. The findings reveal that election monitoring involves cooperation between the Election Management Bodies (EMB), law enforcement, civil society elements, and youth participation. Furthermore, the use of digital technologies, such as applications and closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems, has become a key tool in the process. A clear legal framework also plays a role in ensuring the integrity of the election. The reporting system for monitoring, which includes public complaint posts, is identified as a critical element in preventing violations and intimidation. Additionally, the role of the media in communicating information to the public is also recognized as a strategic factor. Therefore, understanding the role of online news media in election monitoring for the 2024 elections is essential to ensure transparency, fairness, and the integrity of the democratic process in Indonesia. Keywords: Digital technology, election monitoring strategy, media press, regulation, 2024 election. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-07
"Reluctant to live, unwilling to die": The Adaptation of Traditional Media to Changes in News Consumption
The development of digital technology has changed the news consumption patterns of the Indonesian public, prompting traditional media to adapt to maintain relevance and competitiveness. This research aims to identify the adaptation strategies of traditional media in Indonesia in responding to these changes, focusing on business models, content innovation, and efforts to build public trust. This research uses a qualitative approach through case studies of 12 traditional media organizations (newspapers, radio, television). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 key informants, document analysis, and observation. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns of adaptation, challenges, and their impacts. The research results show three main strategies. First, diversifying the business model through digital subscriptions and partnerships with technology platforms, although hindered by infrastructure limitations and costs. Second, content production innovation with multimedia formats (video, podcast) and distribution through social media, although it requires increased human resource capabilities. Third, efforts to increase public trust through investigative journalism, fact-checking programs, and content transparency. The main challenges include political pressure, dependence on third-party platforms, and disparities in digital literacy. These findings underscore the importance of the local context in media adaptation, where organizational resilience and continuous learning are key to success. The research recommends strengthening strategic partnerships, investing in journalist training, and utilizing technology to enhance accountability. Its theoretical implications enrich the literature on media adaptation in developing countries, highlighting the complex interactions between technical, social, and political factors. Keywords: Traditional media, media adaptation, media ecosystem, news consumption, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-08
Augmented Reality (AR) Folklore: The Potential of New Media for the Development of Malay Literature
The current era of digitization has led to a dynamic shift in the landscape of traditional materials and works in our country. This potential shift also applies to literary materials, particularly printed works and texts. Significant gaps exist in the process of utilizing new media in the development of literature. Studies related to the use of new media in expanding literature remain limited. Therefore, to address this gap, this study aims to explore the potential of a cutting-edge technology, namely augmented reality (AR), to be developed for folklore. The method of developing AR will use the ADDIE model, encompassing the creation process of the Awang Batil folk tale, "The Story of Awang and the Goat that Defecated Gold." The folk tale, developed using the AR application, will involve five development phases based on the ADDIE model. The outcome of this development will be assessed for usability using Triple-E framework and has found that the use of technology such as the AR application has great potential to make the folk tale more engaging. The usability assessment of this AR folk tale indicates that it attracts more audience interest. Additionally, the importance of integrating AR into folklore is that it can serve as a medium to pique the interest of the younger generation in these stories. Consequently, this study is significant as a factor in adapting folklore into new media forms, and it should be further expanded to ensure the preservation of this cultural heritage. Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR), folklore, Kisah Kambing Berak Terbit Emas, ADDIE, Triple-E framework. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-09
Beyond Health Beliefs: The Role of Social Media Perceptions and Digital Communicative Behaviours in Dengue Preventive Intentions
Dengue fever remains a significant public health threat, particularly in densely populated urban areas where transmission risks are heightened. This study examines the impact of health-related beliefs, social media perceptions, and digital communicative behaviours on preventive behavioural intentions in dengue-affected communities. Data were collected during the Movement Control Order (MCO) imposed amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a period that intensified public engagement with digital health information. A cross-sectional online survey (N = 384) was analysed utilising partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that while health-related beliefs exert a modest direct influence on preventive intentions, they do not significantly predict digital communicative behaviours. In contrast, social media perceptions, comprising platform credibility, informational norms, and user efficacy, serve as the most significant factors, directly and indirectly driving preventive intentions through communicative engagement. The model explains 49.5 percent of the variance in preventive intentions and 28.5 percent in communicative behaviours, confirming strong predictive relevance. Theoretically, the study extends the Health Belief Model (HBM) by integrating cognitive determinants within the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) framework, illustrating that communicative engagement and media perceptions are crucial mediators between belief and behaviour. This integration highlights a platform-first approach in health communication, emphasising the pivotal role of social media in influencing preventive behaviours. Practically, the findings underscore the need to build trust, reinforce informational norms, and strengthen digital efficacy in future public health campaigns. Keywords: Dengue prevention, health communication, social media perceptions, digital communicative behaviours, preventive behavioural intention. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-10
Stakeholder Evacuation Communication Model to Increase the Success of Families in Handling Pasung towards Zero Pasung
The phenomenon of shackling individuals with mental disorders (ODGJ) is an issue that have remained prevalent on Madura Island, particularly in Kokop District of Bangkalan Regency and Omben District of Sampang Regency. The focus of these interventions is strictly on persuading families to release mentally disordered relatives from physical restraints. Therefore, this study aimed to examine, analyze, and explore shackle evacuation communication model in Kokop and Omben Districts. In order to achieve the stated objectives, this investigation was carried out using a constructivist paradigm and adopted the use of a qualitative multiple case-study approach, including the participation of 32 subjects. The data collection approaches adopted were in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and audio-visual materials. Accordingly, the data analysis process included various phases such as data reduction, categorization based on field results, and conclusion drawing. It is also essential to state that data validity was ensured through triangulation and member checks. This study found that in evacuating ODGJ shackle at Kokop and Omben, there must be strong intervention from community leaders, religious leaders, mental cadres, village midwives, and local health centers, by inviting stakeholders together to release the pasung. The method is to provide education family on the impact of shackling and a good communication approach to release ODGJ shackle. The incorporated insights are also expected to serve as an educational resource for communities addressing shackling cases and offer valuable guidance for stakeholders, public health center (puskesmas), community leaders, religious leaders, village heads, and mental health cadres across various regions. Keywords: Stakeholder evacuation, communication model, the success of families, handling Pasung, Zero Pasung. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-11
Feminist Representation in the Film Bidaah: A Critical Examination of Gender Norms in Traditional Society
This study aims to examine the representation of feminism in the film BIDAAH, focusing on its critique of established gender norms in traditional society. The film was selected for analysis because it explicitly presents the narrative of women who confront various cultural, religious, and social pressures within a patriarchal framework. Through a qualitative research approach, this study utilizes Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method to explore how language, visuals, and narrative structures in the film illustrate women’s struggles against a repressive system. The analysis reveals that the female protagonist in BIDAAH is not simply depicted as a passive victim, but also as a dynamic agent of resistance. She challenges conventional interpretations of women’s roles within the family and broader community, asserting her autonomy. The film symbolically represents resistance to male dominance and the unjust social structures that limit women’s choices by portraying women’s decisions that defy societal norms and expectations. These choices are often deemed ‘deviant’ within the traditional context, highlighting the film’s subversion of gender roles. Thus, BIDAAH emerges as a cultural medium that conveys a feminist message, not only portraying the empowerment of women but also opening a space for deeper reflection on the pervasive issue of gender inequality in traditional societies. The film’s critique serves as a compelling commentary on the need for social change regarding gender roles and expectations. Keywords: Feminism, BIDAAH film, gender norms, patriarchy, resistance. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-12
Quality vs. Reach in Health Short Videos: A Dual-Path Test of the Heuristic–Systematic Model
Short-video platforms such as Douyin broaden access to health information but may reward visibility over verifiability. Guided by the heuristic–systematic model, this study asks whether the same content features that improve information quality also help videos reach larger audiences. We retrieved 300 diabetes-related videos from Douyin’s “For You” feed in three logged-out collection waves, and after removing ineligible and duplicate cases, analyzed 276 videos. Using a mDISCERN-based coding scheme,we assessed systematic content cues (e.g., whether videos provided evidence-based, balanced information and concrete self-management guidance) and heuristic account and production cues (e.g., provider type, on-screen text, graphics, and background music). We then modeled two outcomes: a quality index and a dissemination index based on likes, comments, and shares. Multiple regression with robust standard errors showed that systematic cues were strongly and positively associated with higher information quality, whereas heuristic cues had a smaller, marginally significant association. By contrast, neither systematic nor heuristic cues significantly predicted dissemination. Cross-equation tests indicated that the effects of both cue types differed significantly between the quality and dissemination models, pointing to a credibility–visibility gap: features that make diabetes videos more accurate and transparent do not automatically increase their early reach on Douyin. Keywords: short video, health communication, mDISCERN, dissemination, HSM. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-12
Navigating Democracy: The Role of Digital Media in Indonesia's Political Communication Landscape
Since Indonesia’s democratic transition in 1998, digital media has profoundly reshaped the country’s political communication landscape. From elite-dominated television to grassroots-driven social platforms, the evolution of digital infrastructure has influenced how political messages are created, disseminated, and consumed. However, scholarly insights remain fragmented across scales and actors. This study aims to critically examine how digital media has transformed the logic of political communication in Indonesia across national and sub-national contexts between 2004 and 2024. Using a systematic literature review approach, 122 peer-reviewed articles were identified through searches in Scopus, Web of Science, and Garuda, using PRISMA 2020 protocols. Thematic and bibliometric analyses were conducted using NVivo and VOSviewer software to map key trends and actor dynamics. The findings indicate four dominant patterns: (1) the central role of television in national agenda-setting persists, but is increasingly contested by algorithm-driven social platforms; (2) significant variation exists at the local level, where WhatsApp and community radio play key roles; (3) new political actors including influencers and digital volunteers reshape campaign narratives; and (4) big-data tools enable hyper-targeted messaging, raising ethical concerns. These findings demonstrate how Indonesia’s digital ecosystem mediates both centralised control and decentralised participation. The study contributes to debates on hybrid media systems and democratic deepening in emerging political contexts. Keywords: Big data, democratic transition, digital media, Indonesia, political communication. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-14
Cabaran Penggunaan Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) terhadap Gerak Kerja Juruanimasi di Malaysia
Industri animasi Malaysia telah berkembang pesat dalam dua dekad kebelakangan ini dengan kejayaan karya seperti Upin & Ipin, BoBoiBoy dan Ejen Ali yang bukan sahaja mendapat sambutan tempatan tetapi turut menembusi pasaran antarabangsa. Namun, perkembangan ini berterusan sehinggalah kemunculan teknologi baharu iaitu kecerdasan buatan (AI) yang semakin meluas penggunaannya dalam bidang kreatif. Dalam aspek kreatif, AI telah telah menjanjikan prestasi yang mempercepatkan proses animasi, mengurangkan kos dan meningkatkan kualiti visual namun pada masa yang sama telah menimbulkan cabaran yang kompleks terhadap gerak kerja juruanimasi. Kajian ini telah meneliti secara mendalam cabaran-cabaran tersebut dengan memberi tumpuan khusus kepada bagaimana juruanimasi di Malaysia menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan teknologi terkini. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan kaedah temu bual separa berstruktur yang melibatkan juruanimasi dari pelbagai latar belakang. Data dianalisis secara tematik menggunakan kerangka Model Penerimaan Teknologi 3 (TAM3) yang menekankan konstruk seperti Kebergunaan yang Dirasai (Perceived Usefulness, PU), Kemudahan Penggunaan yang Dirasai (Perceived Ease-of-Use, PEOU), Kendiri Komputer (Computer Self-Efficacy), Kebimbangan Komputer (Computer Anxiety), Kawalan Luaran yang Dirasai (Perceptions of External Control) dan Norma Subjektif (Subjektive Norm). Kerangka ini dipilih kerana mampu menjelaskan secara menyeluruh faktor psikologi, teknikal dan sosial yang mempengaruhi penerimaan teknologi baharu dalam konteks kerja kreatif. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pengembangan TAM3 dengan menekankan dua dimensi baharu iaitu cabaran linguistik dan dilema identiti seni yang jarang dibincangkan dalam literatur terdahulu. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa masa depan industri animasi Malaysia bergantung kepada keseimbangan antara penerapan teknologi AI dan pemeliharaan nilai seni, identiti profesional serta kesejahteraan tenaga kerja kreatif. Kata kunci: Kecerdasan buatan, AI, cabaran, juruanimasi, animasi, TAM3. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-15
Literasi Media Belia Selangor dalam Penglibatan Politik di Malaysia
Penguasaan kemahiran literasi media amat diperlukan bagi membolehkan belia menilai serta memahami kandungan maklumat yang disampaikan melalui pelbagai platform media. Tambahan pula, penguasaan literasi media mampu secara tidak langsung menyumbang kepada peningkatan penglibatan belia dalam aktiviti politik, sama ada melalui platform dalam talian mahupun kaedah konvensional. Generasi belia didapati kurang terlibat secara aktif dalam aktiviti politik secara konvensional seperti mengundi, dan mereka mudah dipengaruhi oleh isu-isu politik semasa yang dilihat serta didengar melalui platform media sosial. Kajian ini juga menerangkan corak pengundian dalam kalangan belia. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mengenal pasti medium yang digunakan golongan belia bagi mendapatkan maklumat politik, serta mengukur tahap penguasaan literasi media mereka terhadap pemahaman mesej politik berdasarkan model kognitif yang dikemukakan oleh Potter, serta menganalisis hubungan antara tahap literasi media dalam kalangan belia Selangor dengan hasrat penglibatan mereka dalam politik Malaysia. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui pengedaran borang soal selidik dalam talian kepada seramai 385 responden yang berusia dalam lingkungan 16 hingga 20 tahun. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa belia memanfaatkan platform media sosial sebagai medium utama untuk memperoleh maklumat berkaitan politik. Sementara itu, tahap penguasaan literasi media dalam kalangan belia Selangor mencapai tahap yang tinggi, namun hasrat mereka untuk melibatkan diri dalam politik Malaysia masih berada pada tahap yang rendah. Dapatan penyelidikan ini boleh dijadikan panduan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kementerian Belia dan Sukan, serta ibu bapa dalam usaha membentuk serta menggalakkan generasi muda untuk terlibat secara aktif dalam arena politik negara. Kata kunci: Literasi media, belia, politik, media sosial, penyertaan politik. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-16
A Systematic Literature Review of Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: Analytical Elements, Methods, and Limitations
Chinese martial arts cinema has attained global importance, eliciting considerable academic interest in film studies, cultural studies, and communication studies. However, the diverse character of these studies across disciplines and geographies requires careful synthesis to inform future research initiatives. This systematic literature review addresses this need by examining 54 peer-reviewed articles selected from 8,123 initial records (0.66% inclusion rate). Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study addresses three research questions concerning dominant analytical frameworks, methodological approaches, and critical gaps in the field. Findings reveal cultural and political analysis dominates (37.0%), followed by industry and production studies (27.8%), cross-cultural reception (22.2%), and technical and aesthetic innovation (13.0%). Methodologically, qualitative approaches prevail (59.3%), with limited quantitative (14.8%) and mixed methods (25.9%) research. Geographic distribution shows balanced international engagement: Asia-Pacific (40.7%), North America (33.3%), and Europe (25.9%). Temporal analysis indicates consistent scholarly interest across two decades rather than dramatic growth. Theoretically, cultural studies (37.0%) and film studies (33.3%) together account for 70.3% of theoretical approaches, while philosophical and aesthetic frameworks comprise 11.1%. Critical gaps include the absence of genre-specific theoretical development, limited engagement with Chinese philosophical traditions, and insufficient attention to digital transformation's impact on martial arts aesthetics. The study concludes that while the field demonstrates sophistication in cultural-political analysis, substantial opportunities exist for methodological diversification, theoretical innovation grounded in indigenous perspectives, and expanded research on aesthetic dimensions. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for redirecting research priorities toward a comprehensive understanding of this globally significant cinematic form. Keywords: Chinese martial arts cinema, kung fu, systematic literature review, research methodology, film studies. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-17
The Impact of Aesthetically Minimalist Packaging Design on Purchase Decisions, Market Reach, and Consumer Health Outcomes
Packaging design has emerged as a critical marketing tool that not only protects a product but also shapes consumer perceptions, influences purchase decisions, and communicates brand identity. This study aims to explore the impact of aesthetically minimalist packaging design on consumer behaviour outcomes, focusing on purchase decisions, market reach, and consumer health outcomes. Data were gathered using a quantitative approach. A total of 308 questionnaires were administered, and data were collected through both online and offline channels. The data were analyzed using SPSS to examine the relationships between minimalist packaging design, trust, perceived product quality, and consumer behaviour outcomes. The findings reveal significant positive associations between aesthetically minimalist packaging design and consumer purchase decisions, market reach, and consumer health outcomes. Trust and perceived product quality were found to mediate these relationships, highlighting the importance of these variables in shaping consumer responses to packaging aesthetics. These results offer valuable insights for marketers and practitioners in developing effective packaging strategies that resonate with consumers and enhance brand performance. Additionally, the study underscores the role of trust and perceived product quality as key mediating variables, expanding understanding of the mechanisms that drive consumer responses to packaging design. Keywords: Minimalist packaging design, consumer behaviour, visual persuasion, perceived product quality, health communication. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-18
Exploring Youth Perspectives on Pornography in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Reception Analysis of Attitudes, Impacts, and Social Implications
The rapid proliferation of pornographic and sexually violent content on social media has made it easily accessible to a wide audience, including adolescents, raising serious concerns in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia, where cultural values, religious teachings, and social norms often conflict with such material. Adolescents, who are among the most active users of platforms like TikTok, encounter pornographic and sexually violent content both intentionally and unintentionally, often through algorithms and suggestive content embedded in the apps. This is also true for adolescents in Indonesia and Malaysia, two countries with similar cultural and historical backgrounds. This study uses reception analysis to explore the interplay between production, text, and audience to understand how adolescents aged 15–19 in Indonesia and Malaysia interpret such material. The results indicate that most participants adopted a negotiating stance, acknowledging the content's existence but rejecting its influence due to strong cultural and religious values. Others demonstrated a resistance stance, struggling with conflicting perceptions stemming from social expectations and personal beliefs. However, none of the participants took a hegemonic position, approving of the content and embracing it in their lives. Based on the results, this study highlights the complexity of dealing with pornography in the digital age, where adolescents must reconcile exposure to massive global media with local cultural frameworks. This underscores the importance of more nuanced communication strategies to address the impact of social media on adolescent development in both Indonesia and Malaysia. Keywords: Reception analysis, adolescents, pornography, social media, TikTok. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-19
Integrasi Model Penjelasan Kebarangkalian (ELM) melalui Peranan Media dan NGO sebagai Wadah Pembentukan Kesedaran Sosial terhadap Isu OKU di Malaysia
Kajian ini meneliti peranan media dan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO) dalam membentuk kesedaran sosial masyarakat terhadap hak Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) di Malaysia melalui Model Penjelasan Kebarangkalian (Elaboration Likelihood Model, ELM). Kajian tinjauan melibatkan 496 responden di Lembah Klang telah dijalankan. Dapatan menunjukkan tahap kesedaran sosial berada pada paras sederhana, dengan pengaruh persekitaran individu mencatatkan min tertinggi (M = 5.14, SP = 1.29), diikuti oleh NGO (M = 4.65, SP = 1.31) dan bahan bacaan (media) (M = 4.23, SP = 1.26). Analisis regresi berganda mendapati media sebagai sumber maklumat dan pendidikan menerangkan secara signifikan 41.4% varians kesedaran sosial (F (2,493) = 174.078, p < .05). Namun, pengaruh media terhadap perubahan sikap sementara didapati tidak signifikan (β = –0.032, p > .05). Sebaliknya, peranan NGO secara signifikan meramalkan perubahan sikap kekal dengan menerangkan 10.8% varians (R² = .108, β = .341, t = 7.747, p < .05). Dapatan ini menunjukkan mesej media kebanyakannya diproses melalui laluan periferi, manakala penglibatan berasaskan NGO mencetuskan pemprosesan laluan pusat yang membawa kepada perubahan sikap lebih stabil. Kajian ini menegaskan keperluan memperkukuh kerjasama antara media dan NGO serta merangka strategi komunikasi yang lebih inklusif dan persuasif bagi meningkatkan kesedaran jangka panjang terhadap hak OKU. Implikasi daripada kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa media kurang berperanan dalam menyiarkan maklumat mengenai isu OKU kepada masyarakat, yang seterusnya mempengaruhi tahap kesedaran sosial dan penerimaan masyarakat terhadap golongan ini. Kajian ini juga mencadangkan perlunya penambahbaikan peranan media dan NGO dalam meningkatkan kesedaran sosial dan memupuk sikap lebih positif terhadap OKU. Kata kunci: NGO, media, OKU, kesedaran sosial, Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-20
Faktor Penggunaan Media Sosial ketika Berkempen dalam Pilihan Raya di Lembah Klang
Masyarakat global sudah sinonim dan berminat dengan penggunaan platform komunikasi dalam talian media sosial sebagai sumber utama mencari maklumat dan berita politik untuk disebarkan dan dikongsi bersama ketika kempen pilihan raya, manakala media konvensional arus perdana kurang mendapat tempat kalangan masyarakat sekeliling dan pengundi-pengundi. Media konvensional arus perdana dimonopoli oleh kerajaan dan parti pemerintah menyiarkan maklumat dan berita mereka melalui platform penyiaran dan percetakan untuk disebarkan kepada masyarakat sekeliling dan pengundi-pengundi bagi meraih sokongan mereka. Parti politik pembangkang tidak dapat menggunakan platform media konvensional arus perdana semasa kempen pilihan raya untuk berkongsi maklumat dan memberi komen kelemahan pemerintah dalam mengatasi masalah kesempitan dan kesusahan kehidupan rakyat. Sebaran maklumat dan kandungan berita isu-isu panas dan komen negatif melalui platform komunikasi dalam talian media sosial memberi kesan dan implikasi dapat mempengaruhi minda pemikiran masyarakat sekeliling dan pengundi-pengundi untuk memilih calon parti politik mereka. Dalam kajian ini dapat mengenal pasti faktor penggunaan media sosial semasa kempen pilihan raya melalui hubungan media sosial dengan tingkah laku pengundi-pengundi. Ianya dijalankan melalui pendekatan kuantitatif melalui pengedaran borang soalan kaji selidik kepada responden sekitar di Lembah Klang melalui instrumen kajian penyelidikan. Hasil analisis kajian penggunaan media sosial dapat mengenal pasti dengan kaedah teori sumber maklumat parti politik yang berunsurkan hasutan, fitnah-memfitnah, propaganda dan provokasi dapat mempengaruhi minda pemikiran masyarakat sekeliling dan pengundi-pengundi. Kata kunci: Media sosial, sumber maklumat, blog parti politik, sentimen kepartian, pengundi. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-21
Copyright (c) Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication
Social Media Framing Efforts to Increase Public Trust in the Indonesian Parliamentary in Highlighting the Palestinian issue on @Dpr_Ri
A parliamentarian's posts on social media will affect the public's perception of a politician's performance.This research analyses the strategic framing mechanisms employed by the @dpr_ri social media team to gauge that effect.The researcher used a descriptive-qualitative method with interviews with parliamentary social media editors @dpr_ri such as copy writing, editorials, editor-in-chief of social media and reporters who are in charge of creating framing in the digital public space. Researchers looked at how Parliament's social media editors created framing for followers through Instagram content. The manager of the Parliament's social media account has tried to increase public trust in parliamentary experts on the @dpr_ri Instagram account through the Indonesian parliament towards the Palestinian issue. The results of the interview with the editor of the parliamentary media explained that Fadlizon's statement as a parliamentary expert on the Palestinian issue at the International "Plenary Meeting" forums uploaded on social media succeeded in creating a public framing that the government is serious about providing support for the Palestinian independence. Four respondents from the Parliament social media editorial succeeded in creating public framing through social media content so that it had an impact and increased public trust in the Indonesian Parliament. As a people's representative, his words uploaded on people-oriented social media can help increase public trust in the Indonesian Parliament. Keywords: Parliamentary expert, public communication, political content, social media framing, development communication. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-22
Media Monitoring as a Strategic Tool in Public Communication: A Case Study of the West Java Communication and Information Agency, Indonesia
In today’s digital communication era, governments face enormous challenges in managing massive and fast-moving information flows. One emerging strategy is the use of media monitoring to support public communication strategies. This study examined the urgency of media monitoring for the Communication and Information Agency (Diskominfo) in West Java, Indonesia, in building public trust and anticipating misinformation and hoaxes. It aims to analyse the use of media monitoring in detecting issues and classifying sentiment as part of a public communication strategy. This study adopts Dialogic Public Relations Theory which consists of five main principles: mutuality, propinquity, empathy, risk, and commitment. This framework is relevant because it encourages open public conversations, increases government responsiveness, and strengthens long-term relationships with the community. The research employs a qualitative approach with a single case study design at West Java Diskominfo. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with representatives of Regional Apparatus Organizations, Public Relations officers, and Media Monitoring Analysts. Field observations were conducted from March to August 2025. Data analysis was carried out inductively using exploratory techniques. The results show that media monitoring serves as an early detection tool for crisis issues, a means of sentiment classification and analysis, and a basis for evaluating public communication campaigns. West Java Diskominfo applies a combination of digital and manual methods to ensure data validity, despite facing limitations in human resources, technology, and ethical dilemmas. These findings confirm that media monitoring is a vital instrument in evidence-based public communication and extend the communication literature by integrating dialogic theory into local government practice. Keywords: Dialogic theory, strategic tool, media monitoring, public communication, West Java Diskominfo. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-23
New Media and Gender: Representation of Reproductive Justice in Indonesian Websites (konde.co and magdalene.co)
Reproductive justice is an important issue, but until recently it is still such a utopia. This can be fulfilled if reproductive rights can be obtained by everyone, especially women. In fact, the majority of victims of reproductive injustice are women. In Indonesia this issue is also still a problem that has not been solved. Based on a report from the Center for Reproductive Rights of UNFPA, reproductive rights relate to the right to education and information about reproductive health. Furthermore, according to UN documents, reproductive rights in the context of reproductive health services are related to abortion, which includes information, education, communication and services, including prevention of abortion and the management of the consequences of abortion. The purpose of this research is to reveal how Indonesian websites represent abortion as an aspect of reproductive health and how women be portrayed in the websites as an alternative media. By analyzing media content on the konde.co and magdalene.co websites in 2022, this study concluded: (1) representation of reproductive justice in konde.co and magdalene.co that focus on abortion are in the form of soft news which provide more explanation and elaboration on the issue; (2) safe abortion and forced abortion dominate the content of the websites, with the focus on the limitation of the practical aspect although several laws already existed; (3) women are represented as group of people that are vulnerable and need to be protected. Keywords: Reproductive justice, reproductive rights, abortion, representation, media content. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-24
Social Media Use and the Reconfiguration of Social Competence among Generation Z in Indonesia
The existence of social media has shifted face-to-face communication to mediated communication, leading to the assumption that social media has successfully replaced face-to-face communication. As a result, Gen Z's social competence is low, they tend to be individualistic, socially isolated, and the quality of communication within the family decreases. This has the potential to conflict with kinship values in Indonesian culture. This condition emphasizes the importance of research that specifically examines the social competence of Generation Z in the context of social media use. This study uses a mixed method, namely combining descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative research methods. The qualitative method is used to discover and understand the meaning of Gen Z's social competence. The quantitative method is used to strengthen supporting data for qualitative data through data mining on social media. The data collection method is carried out using in-depth interviews with Gen Z in cyberspace, supported by data mining on social media. Gen Z actually excels in communication and socialization skills, friendship networks, and adaptation in virtual interactions. These findings indicate a shift in social competence patterns influenced by the use of social media and digital interactions. These differences indicate that Gen Z's social competence is multidimensional, with advantages in online interactions and social networks, but still needs to be strengthened in traditional interpersonal aspects that support empathy, self-control, and face-to-face social relationships. Keywords: Social media, Gen Z, digital, communication technology, social competence. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-25
Algorithmic Censorship in Modern Wars: Case of the Encryption for Digital Resilience during the Latest Israeli War of 2023 on Gaza
Social media has significantly reshaped traditional concepts of free media, steering it toward greater independence. After decades of control by ministries of communication and gatekeepers over audio-visual content, these institutions have gradually lost their influence, leading to a more decentralized media landscape. In this new environment, social media platforms have become powerful tools, shaping social and political narratives by controlling information dissemination, often aligning with their policies. Artificial intelligence's rise has amplified algorithms' role, particularly during geopolitical wars and conflicts. For instance, during the latest Israeli war in Gaza that erupted in October 2023, thousands of accounts supporting the Palestinian cause were banned, raising concerns about freedom of expression due to algorithms' ability to manipulate public opinion. In response, users have adopted various tactics, such as employing encryption and content modification techniques to evade algorithmic censorship. Despite the widespread use of these tactics across the Arab world, no research has systematically explored their effectiveness in countering algorithms, especially in crisis-prone regions. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the most common encryption techniques used by users during the Gaza war, particularly in resistance axis countries. This study will utilize a mixed-methods approach to analyse a sample of 80 social media posts sourced from X, TikTok, WhatsApp, and Instagram. The analysis will identify the most effective methods for circumventing AI-based censorship and highlight the sophisticated strategies used to protect freedom of expression in the digital age. Keywords: Algorithmic censorship, Gaza conflict, data encryption, social media bias, crisis communication strategies. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-26
Open Strike of Public-School Teachers during the 2022–23 Academic Year Coverage: An Analytical Study of Al-Akhbar Online Newspaper
This study aims to examine the journalistic framing of the open strike of public-school teachers in Lebanon, taking the online Lebanese newspaper Al-Akhbar and its coverage of the strike during the 2022–2023 academic year as a case study. Existing studies primarily focused on media coverage of crises, with most addressing political, economic, and social crises, while comparatively little attention is given to educational crises. Moreover, only a limited number of studies have explored the coverage of online platforms affiliated with national newspapers, particularly those that highlight dominant news frames. Addressing these gaps, this study contributes by shedding light on the media representation of an educational crisis in Lebanon. This study analyzes a sample of journalistic materials published on the Al-Akhbar’s website during the period of the strike in the 2022–23 academic year, to identify the newspaper’s discourse on the strike. By adopting a quantitative research strategy, the study employs content analysis as its methodological tool. The results show that Al-Akhbar’s online coverage of the open strike of public-school teachers was extensive, aligned with teachers and their demands, and characterized by an escalatory and critical tone toward the authorities and donor institutions. Thus, its coverage illustrates the media's role as an active participant in shaping events, rather than merely reporting them. Keywords: Al-Akhbar newspaper, public schools teachers strike, framing, content analysis, media’s role. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-27
A Novel Cross-Audience Analysis for Multi-Shared Content on Social Media
Social media has gained popularity due to the existing technologies and advancements in internet and smartphone technologies. Recently, various regions have experienced different types of conflicts and wars. People in affected regions need real-time updates on these events. As it is mentioned earlier, social media has become a principal resource for such content. Multiple channels can be created across different platforms. For instance, a certain media organisation is capable of creating an account on different social media channels in a simple way. Users connected to these channels receive the same content but in a different structure and from different platforms. In this context, repetitive and redundant content delivered to users is necessary to deliver important content and check for the right one. This study aims to compare a set of metrics that highlights the interconnection between the audience community and the multiple accounts of media organisations that exist on social media. In particular, this study develops a specific framework that can detect the overlapping between interactive users across a media organisation channel on its pages on different social media platforms. In addition, this paper compares the sentiment analysis on these contents as well as the interactivity level and finally detects the hate speech of these contents. To address its proposition, this paper involved two popular social media platforms that are Facebook and X (Twitter). The results show interesting facts when comparing these metrics on the same posts. Keywords: Audience analysis, social media, artificial intelligence, hate speech, source of information. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-28
De-constructing Al-Qassam Brigades Visual Discourse on October 7, 2023 A Case of Two Military Operation Films
This research explores the visual discourse of the military wing of Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) Ezzeddeen Al-Qassam Brigades, on October 7, 2023. It analyses and decodes the embedded signs and symbols of two edited military operations films; which they published on their Telegram channel. Drawing on this aim, the main question is: How is the visual discourse of Al-Qassam conveyed in the military operation films issued on the day of Tufan Al-Aqsa (Al-Aqsa Flood) Operation against the Israeli army? This research is significant because it delves to the unaddressed side of such pivotal event. The strategy used in this paper is qualitative research strategy and the design adopted is a case study. This research employs a social semiotic analysis on the purposive samples selected. The social semiotic approach draws on Roland Barthes's foundational concepts of denotation, connotation, and myth. The text Speech Act Theory is applied to derive illocutionary, locutionary and perlocutionary acts to understand the way of their employment. Ultimately, this research identifies and interprets the embedded signs and their representations, and hence the discourse that the military wing of Hamas seeks to reinforce and to advance its communication, political, and military objectives. Keywords: Al-Qassam Brigades, Israeli army, visual representations, military operations films, semiotic analysis. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-29
X Hashtag Discussions during Electoral Campaign in Lebanon: Catalysts for a Public Sphere or Seeds of Elitism, Fragmentation, and Polarization?
The use of Hashtags in political discussion on X has become paramount in any political event, specifically in electoral campaigns. The Hashtag tool on X has allowed anchoring messages within a thematic context, enhancing visibility and propagation of electoral content while enabling conversations among strangers and facilitating ordinary users to participate. This article aims to assess whether political discussions on X during electoral campaigns can forge a public sphere or instead reproduce traditional elitist closed networks, as well as fragmented and polarized online debate spaces, thereby extending public sphere theory to Middle Eastern hybrid media systems. The methodology consists of network and content analyses based on the Hashtag انتخابات_لبنان# (Lebanese elections) during the Lebanese legislative elections of 2018. Results revealed that elites, such as journalists, political experts, politicians control discussions with a low presence of influential ordinary users, resulting in limited inclusivity within the network. The network analysis also identified multiple opposing clusters within it, leading to fragmentation but not isolation, as certain communities still communicated with each other. The content analysis of tweets indicated that counterproductive posts predominate in online political debates, which harms the quality of exchanges and the formation of a public sphere. While a digital public sphere exists, it remains incomplete and limited. The main factors contributing to this état des lieux are algorithms and AI, the Lebanese political and media systems, and the lack of media literacy. Although these aspects are often regarded as the culprits, if enhanced, they might as well serve as potential solutions. Keywords: Social media, hashtags, public sphere, political communication, algorithms. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-30
From Awareness to Action: Rethinking Media Education in Lebanon in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
This study investigates the structural, epistemological, and professional challenges imposed by artificial intelligence (AI) on media and communication education, specifically in Lebanese higher education. It addresses the central research question: "What are the theoretical and practical challenges confronting media education in an AI-driven environment?" Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study combines qualitative and quantitative methods, including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, content analysis, and thematic analysis of curricula from five Lebanese universities. The findings of this study indicate significant gaps between technological advancements and existing academic practices. The key challenges include limited AI expertise among media faculty (72%), insufficient curricular integration of AI technologies (85%), frequent informal use of AI tools among students (60%), and ethical concerns such as plagiarism and reduced critical thinking (77%). Additionally, the study identifies a clear absence of comprehensive institutional strategies and infrastructural support for AI integration. To ensure the Lebanese media education sector benefits from the global digital transformation, this study recommends a holistic approach that includes specialised AI training for faculty, curricular revisions to embed AI competencies, and robust ethical guidelines for AI use. This strategic approach aims to position Lebanese universities to prepare effectively media graduates for the AI-driven professional landscape. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, media education, media curricula, university curricula, Lebanon. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-31
Between Resistance and Diplomacy: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Télé Liban News Bulletin Headlines during the Israeli War of 2024 on Lebanon
This study investigates how Télé Liban, the only state-owned Lebanese television, framed the Israeli war of 2024 on Lebanon through uncovering the hidden meaning in the headlines of the news bulletins. Employing Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis, the study analyses 19 headlines of four news bulletins, complemented by observations from a broader sample of 15 bulletins. The analysis focuses on the linguistic choices of the headlines, framing strategies, and their alignment with the broader sociopolitical context. It revealed that Télé Liban consistently aligned with the Lebanese ministerial statement by clearly identifying Israel as the enemy and consecrating the legitimacy of the Resistance through repeated use of terms such as “the Israeli enemy” and “the Resistance.” The study also showed a strong emphasis on diplomatic activity, reflecting the official Lebanese discourse that favours international assistance and diplomatic channels. The analysis discovered a diverse set of frames, including those related to power, fear, nationalism, legitimacy, and diplomacy, which shaped how Télé Liban represented the war. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Télé Liban exhibited a discourse characterized by clarity in delineating both the adversary and the resistance; however, it failed to present a cohesive national narrative that underscored unity among the Lebanese populace. Keywords: Télé Liban, Israeli war on Lebanon, news bulletins, news headlines, framing. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-32
From Traditional Media to WhatsApp, Facebook, and Telegram: Engaging the Lebanese Diaspora during the Israeli War of 2024 on Lebanon
The study explores the pivotal role of digital platforms in shaping the Lebanese diaspora’s engagement with homeland issues during the Israeli war of 2024 on Lebanon. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data, the research investigates how these platforms were utilized for real-time information, emotional support, and political mobilization amid the conflict. The findings reveal that 89% of respondents relied on WhatsApp and 76% on Telegram for immediate news updates, highlighting the centrality of instant messaging tools in crisis communication. Additionally, a substantial trust deficit emerged, with 59.1% of participants expressing scepticism toward traditional media, prompting 72% to engage in active verification practices when consuming news. Digital platforms served as conduits for emotional bonding (82%) and political action but also reproduced religious divisions and facilitated the spread of misinformation. These dynamics reflect both the empowering and polarizing capacities of digital technologies during times of war. The study underscores the adaptive strategies employed by diasporic communities to remain connected and informed while navigating complex media ecosystems. Ultimately, the findings offer critical insights for policymakers, media practitioners, and scholars in transnationalism, diaspora studies, and crisis communication, emphasizing the dual-edged nature of digital engagement in politically volatile contexts. Keywords: Crisis communication, digital platforms, homeland engagement, Lebanese diaspora, misinformation. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-33
AI, Plagiarism, and Ethics: How Multimedia Journalism Programs in Lebanon are Adapting
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an omnipresent force in our daily lives, particularly as its latest developments are programmed to emulate the intricacies of a human mind, act with human-like intelligence, and possess cognitive capacities. Several international organisations and policymakers regularly develop and update policies to highlight the opportunities and threats of AI for humanity, particularly in the field of education. As a result, educators and academic researchers are increasingly interested in how AI can be integrated into learning environments while maintaining ethical standards. This study investigates AI in the context of multimedia journalism programs in Lebanese universities. Thus, two broad research questions are tackled: How are universities that offer such programs dealing with AI in the classrooms? And what are the attitudes of students towards the use of AI in their projects and assignments? The authors use two qualitative research methods: in-depth interviews with chairpersons of relevant departments and focus groups with multimedia journalism students, to reflect on plagiarism in the AI era while highlighting the ethical dimensions of AI use in the classroom. This study provides recommendations and insight for future academic integration of AI tools in journalism education. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, multimedia journalism, plagiarism, ethics, policymakers. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-34
The Power of Discourse or the Discourse of Power: Hezbollah’s Communication Strategy in Political and Military Contexts
This study critically examines Hezbollah’s communication strategy from 2006 to 2024, focusing on how the organization constructs legitimacy and consolidates power through discourse across political and military contexts. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s theory of discourse and power, along with agenda-setting and image repair frameworks from strategic communication and public relations, the paper investigates how Hezbollah crafts narratives of Resistance, martyrdom, and invincibility. By analysing key events, including the 2006 war, the dissemination of Hudhod drone footage, and the 2024 release of the Imad-4 tunnel video, this research reveals how Hezbollah uses both textual (e.g., Nasrallah’s speeches) and visual (e.g., propaganda footage) media to frame its actions as legitimate and necessary. The methodology combines critical discourse analysis (CDA) with visual media analysis and semi-structured asynchronous interviews with regional communication experts. The findings show that Hezbollah’s strategic messaging is highly calculated, leveraging religious symbolism, technological sophistication, and multi-platform dissemination to maintain symbolic authority. The study also considers the emerging role of AI technologies in narrative construction and information warfare. Ultimately, this research argues that Hezbollah’s communicative success lies in its ability to define the terms of conflict, influence public perception, and maintain narrative control in a volatile regional environment. It contributes to broader understandings of how non-state actors employ discourse as a tool of power in the digital age. Keywords: Hezbollah, strategic communication, narrative construction, agenda-setting, AI in propaganda. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-35