Border Risks and Partnership Gaps in Rohingya Irregular Migration to Malaysia

Aizat bin Khairi

Abstract


ABSTRACT

This article examines Rohingya irregular migration to Malaysia by focusing on destination preference, entry pathways, journey-related risks, and partnership gaps in border governance. Although Malaysia does not formally recognize refugees, it remains an important destination for Rohingya displacement due to religious affinity, employment expectations, and the role of transnational social networks. The study aims to identify the factors shaping Malaysia as a preferred destination, the main irregular routes used, the risks experienced during transit, and the partnership weaknesses that continue to sustain vulnerability. A qualitative multi-site design was employed, involving 20 participants comprising Rohingya respondents and enforcement personnel. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion conducted in Kedah, Penang, and Kuala Lumpur between July and October 2025, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings show that Rohingya movement into Malaysia occurs through land, sea, and limited air routes, with smuggling agents playing a central role in organizing mobility, financing, and transit. Risks are produced throughout the migration process, including debt, overcrowding, coercion, abuse, food deprivation, and unsafe border crossings. Read through the lens of Sustainable Development Goal 17, the study finds that these risks persist not only because smuggling networks are adaptive, but also because cooperation across institutions and communities remains fragmented. The article argues that reducing harm requires more coordinated, trusted, and accountable partnership arrangements in Malaysian border governance.

Keywords: Rohingya; Irregular Migration; Border Governance; Partnership Gaps; Malaysia

 

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini meneliti migrasi tidak teratur Rohingya ke Malaysia dengan menumpukan kepada faktor pemilihan destinasi, laluan kemasukan, risiko sepanjang perjalanan dan jurang kerjasama dalam tadbir urus sempadan. Walaupun Malaysia tidak mengiktiraf pelarian secara formal, negara ini kekal sebagai destinasi penting bagi perpindahan Rohingya disebabkan oleh pertalian agama, jangkaan peluang pekerjaan dan peranan rangkaian sosial rentas sempadan. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti faktor yang membentuk Malaysia sebagai destinasi pilihan, laluan tidak teratur yang paling banyak digunakan, risiko yang dialami semasa transit serta kelemahan kerjasama yang terus mengekalkan kerentanan. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif pelbagai lokasi yang melibatkan 20 peserta terdiri daripada responden Rohingya dan pegawai penguat kuasa. Data dikumpulkan melalui temu bual mendalam dan satu perbincangan kumpulan fokus yang dijalankan di Kedah, Pulau Pinang dan Kuala Lumpur antara Julai hingga Oktober 2025 serta dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pergerakan Rohingya ke Malaysia berlaku melalui laluan darat, laut dan dalam kadar yang terhad melalui udara dengan ejen penyeludupan memainkan peranan penting dalam mengatur mobiliti, pembiayaan dan transit. Risiko terbentuk di sepanjang proses migrasi termasuk hutang, kesesakan melampau, paksaan, penderaan, kekurangan makanan dan kemasukan sempadan yang tidak selamat. Melalui lensa Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 17, kajian ini mendapati bahawa risiko tersebut berterusan bukan sahaja kerana rangkaian penyeludupan bersifat adaptif, tetapi juga kerana kerjasama antara institusi dan komuniti masih diintegrasikan. Artikel ini berhujah bahawa pengurangan mudarat memerlukan kerjasama tadbir urus sempadan Malaysia yang lebih terselaras, integrasi, menyeluruh dan berakauntabiliti.

Kata kunci: Rohingya, Migrasi Tidak Teratur, Tadbir Urus Sempadan, Jurang Kerjasama, Malaysia

 


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