Dilemma Kemiskinan: Falsafah, Budaya dan Strategi (Poverty Dilemma: Philosophy, Culture and Strategies)
Abstract
Artikel ini mengupas konsep kemiskinan yang perlu dinilai semula kerana faktor multidimensi yang menghambat usaha membasmi kemiskinan. Hambatan ini disebabkan tafsiran kemiskinan seringkali diukur dengan pendekatan ekonomi iaitu pendapatan isi rumah dan kekayaan atau sumber. Dilema dan punca kemiskinan adalah melepasi rasional ekonomi, maka pembolehubah kemiskinan harus merangkumkan keupayaan yang kurang atau lemah seperti ketiadaan akses kesihatan, pendidikan, infrastruktur, kebebasan politik dan hak asasi, sumber dan sebagainya. Perbincangan turut mengetengahkan kategori kemiskinan yang perlu dibaiki dengan mengenalpasti kategori kemiskinan jenis lain seperti invisible poor, vulnerable poor, kemiskinan kronik dan miskin bandar. Setiap satu kategori ini memperlihatkan konteks kemiskinan yang berbeza dari aspek kelas, komuniti dan spatial. Makalah ini menggariskan strategi pendekatan multidimensi berasaskan falsafah pemikiran tentang kemiskinan. Budaya kemiskinan dan stereotaip dianalisis dengan kritikal dan merumuskan bahawa kategori miskin ini perlu mengambil kira aspek sosialisasi, kefahaman, dan sekitaran. Tambahan lagi, artikel ini menegaskan penglibatan berterusan kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan melalui program intervensi untuk mengubah budaya dan kitaran gasar kemiskinan ini adalah amat perlu bagi memastikan usaha ini adalah konsisten bersesuaian dengan perubahan keadaan semasa dari aspek pendapatan isi rumah, bilangan ahli keluarga, inflasi, pengangguran, kesihatan, usia tua, dan sebagainya. Tambahan lagi, memandangkan bantuan kemiskinan diurus di Baitulmal, pejabat zakat negeri, dan badan kebajikan adalah wajar bagi institusi ini turut mengikut peredaran perubahan terhadap tafsiran kemiskinan, jenis bantuan, kelayakan bantuan dan sebagainya bagi membolehkan hak si miskin diagih dan dipelihara.
Kata kunci: Kemiskinan; kategori; strategi; budaya; multidimensi
ABSTRACT
The discourse in this article highlights the needs for poverty to be redefined and reconceptualized due to multidimensional factors that deter the efforts to alleviate poverty. The common measurement to identify poverty is always within the lens of rational economic approach based on income and wealth or resource-based. Poverty dilemma and causes are beyond economic rationality, thus poverty variables for redefinition must include capability deprivation such as limited or deprived access to health, education, infrastructure, political freedom and human rights, resources and many more. Poverty categories need to be refocused and must identify other categories such as the invisible poor, vulnerable poor, cronic poverty, and urban poverty. Each category represents different contexts in term of class, community and spatial. This article outlines the strategies of multidimensional approach to poverty that are grounded in the philosophy of poverty. Poverty culture and stereotypes are analysed critically and it justifies that poverty categories must consider the socialisation aspect, knowledge, and contexts. Additionally, such perspective also demands consistent intervention programs from the government and non-government organisations in order to change the poverty culture and vicious cycle. In fact, intervention programs must be able to cater contemporary changes to income level, size of family, inflation, unemployment, health issue, aged factor, etc. Most welfare assistances are managed by the Baitulmal, state alms, and state welfare agency; hence it is mandatory for these institutions to equip themselves with the current issue on poverty definition, category, type of assistance, and entitlement to ensure that the rights of the poor is delivered and protected.
Keywords: Poverty; category; strategy; culture; multidimension
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