Penggunaan, Cabaran, dan Hala Tuju Sistem Penuaian Hujan (Spah): Satu Penelitian Awal (The Utilization, Challenges, and Future Directions of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (SPAH): A Preliminary Investigation)

Abstract

Perubahan iklim, perkembangan urbanisasi dan pertambahan penduduk antara faktor utama terjadinya penurunan tahap kualiti dan kuantiti bekalan sumber air dunia. Pelbagai langkah dan cara yang dilakukan bagi mengekang masalah dan isu ini termasuklah menambah baik Sistem Penuaian Hujan (SPAH) seiring peredaran masa. Kajian ini cuba menilai keberkesanan dan kesesuaian penggunaan Sistem Penuaian Hujan (SPAH) sebagai salah satu alternatif yang boleh digunakan dalam mengatasi kekurangan bekalan air dalam ruang lingkup Malaysia. Fungsi SPAH dari aspek penggunaan dalam jangka masa panjang serta dampaknya terhadap masyarakat juga alam sekitar turut akan dibincangkan. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan melalui kajian kepustakaan dan analisis kajian lepas. Secara umumnya, SPAH ini adalah model yang dibangunkan sebagai altenatif bagi menggantikan kebergantungan terhadap sumber bekalan air bersih apabila krisis bekalan air berlaku. Walaupun SPAH ini boleh diaplikasikan namun, dapat dilihat sistem ini hanya terhad kepada binaan pada skala yang kecil sahaja. Hasil analisis dan penelitian yang dijalankan, implikasi positif SPAH ini dalam skop Malaysia lebih jelas kesannya dalam sektor pertanian dan kegunaan air hujan ini untuk kegunaan luaran sahaja. Justeru itu, kajian yang lebih teliti dan mendalam terhadap SPAH ini dari semua aspek harus diteruskan bagi membolehkan sistem ini digunakan oleh setiap lapisan masyarakat mahupun diaplikasikan pada setiap bangunan supaya sumber air secara percuma ini tidak dibazirkan begitu sahaja.

Kata Kunci: SPAH; altenatif; sumber; krisis; urbanisasi

Abstract- Climate change, urbanization, and population growth are primary factors contributing to the decline in the quality and quantity of global water supplies. Various measures have been implemented to address these challenges, including the improvement of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) over time. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and suitability of the Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) as an alternative to address water supply shortages within Malaysia. The research includes a literature review and an analysis of previous studies. RWHS is developed as an alternative to reduce dependence on clean water supplies during water crises. However, its application is limited to small-scale installations. The analysis shows that the positive impacts of RWHS in Malaysia are more evident in the agricultural sector and for outdoor water use only. Therefore, further in-depth research on RWHS from all aspects should be continued to enable its use by all community levels and its application to every building, ensuring that this free water resource is well-utilized.

Keywood: Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS); alternative; resources; crisis; urbanization

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