Perbandingan Dua Sistem Ternakan Ikan Sangkar di Sungai Pahang ke Arah Mengupayakan Ekonomi Komuniti Pesisir Sungai: Satu Kajian Awal (Comparison Between Two Cage Culture Systems in Pahang River to Empower Community Economy: A Preliminary Study)

Abstract

Sistem sangkar menjadi pilihan utama pengusaha akuakultur air tawar terutamanya tilapia dan patin di Sungai Pahang kerana kelebihan penggunaan air sungai yang mengalir, bekalan air yang berterusan dan dikatakan dapat mengurangkan rasa dan bau lumpur berbanding ternakan menggunakan sistem kolam tanah. Namun demikian, penternak menghadapi pelbagai cabaran seperti kerosakan sangkar akibat aliran deras hanyutan sampah dan kayu dari kawasan hulu semasa perubahan musim monsun, serta gangguan haiwan pemangsa seperti memerang. Keadaan ini telah meningkatkan kos operasi dan boleh menyebabkan kerugian besar. Oleh itu, terdapat beberapa penternak mula menggunakan tangki hitam polietilena (PE) atau lebih dikenali sebagai polytank sebagai alternatif bagi menggantikan sangkar jaring konvensional kerana polytank dilihat sebagai bahan yang lebih tahan lama, mudah dikendalikan selain dapat mengatasi masalah pemangsa. Kajian ini membuat perbandingan nilai ekonomi kedua-dua sistem dari segi kos operasi dan pulangan hasil dalam meningkatkan pendapatan komuniti tempatan. Data kajian diperolehi menerusi borang kaji selidik kepada penternak-penternak terlibat serta pemantauan kualiti air bagi kedua-dua kawasan penternakan sistem jaring dan sistem polytank. Dapatan kajian mendapati sangkar jaring mempunyai kos operasi dan modal yang lebih tinggi berbanding sangkar polytank disebabkan oleh jenis material, saiz dan kapasiti sangkar jaring yang lebih tinggi. Manakala, sangkar polytank pula didapati lebih sesuai untuk pengusaha kecil yang mempunyai modal yang lebih rendah. Kajian ini boleh menjadi asas pertimbangan kepada pihak berkepentingan dalam membangunkan strategi pengurusan sistem sangkar akuakultur sungai yang berdaya tahan dan efektif kepada penternak ikan sungai.

Kata kunci: Akuakultur air tawar; ekonomi; komuniti tempatan; sistem ternakan; Sungai Pahang

Abstract: The cage system is the preferred freshwater aquaculture system in Pahang River, notably for tilapia and shark catfish. It is believed to provide greater fish quality than the pond/tank culture system, through the benefit of continuous water supply from flowing river water, eliminating the taste and smell of mud. However, farmers face various challenges, such as damage to cages due to the heavy flow of driftwood and garbage from upstream areas during the change of monsoon season, as well as the disturbance of predatory animals such as otters. This situation has increased operating costs and can cause huge losses. Therefore, some farmers are starting to use black polyethylene (PE) tanks, better known as polytanks, as an alternative replacing conventional net cages because polytanks are seen as a more durable material, easy to handle, and able to overcome the problem of predators. This study compares the economic value of both systems in terms of operating costs and revenue returns in increasing local community income. Research data was obtained through a survey form to the farmers involved and water quality monitoring for the net cages and the polytank farming system. The study found that net cages have higher operation and capital costs than polytank cages, but this is due to the type of material, size and the high capacity of the net cage. Polytank cages are more suitable for small businesses with lower capital costs. This study can be the basis of stakeholders' consideration in developing a sustainable and effective freshwater aquaculture cage system management strategy for river fish farmers.

Keywords: Freshwater aquaculture; economy; local community; culture system , Pahang River

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