Pembangunan sektor pertanian merupakan strategi Lembaga Koko Malaysia (LKM) bagi membantu komuniti pekebun kecil koko (KPKK) menjana pendapatan dan membasmi kemiskinan. KPKK berhadapan dengan isu produktiviti koko dari segi kualiti dan kuantiti. Rentetan itu, LKM melaksana program peningkatan produktiviti koko dengan hasrat agar pematuhan amalan pertanian baik (MyGAP) boleh diterapkan dalam KPKK. Tetapi, kesedaran komuniti menerima MyGAP yang dibawa oleh LKM masih kurang dalam kajian susastera. Sehubungan itu, objektif kajian bertujuan mengenal pasti tahap pengetahuan, sikap dan praktis KPKK dalam konteks GAP. Kajian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan penyelidikan tinjauan dilaksanakan ke atas 195 orang KPKK. Borang soal selidik digunakan sebagai alat pengumpulan data. Teknik bancian digunakan ke atas taburan responden yang merangkumi daerah zon Pantai Timur Sabah. Landasan teoritikal kajian ialah Model KAP untuk mengukur tahap pengetahuan, sikap dan praktis responden terhadap APB. Kajian menunjukkan majoriti pekebun kecil merupakan generasi pertama penanam koko, berumur lingkungan 51 sehingga 60 tahun dan berpengalaman 1 hingga 20 tahun dalam bidang pertanian. Tahap amalan pertanian baik (APB) menunjukkan nilai min tertinggi oleh praktis (min 4.20). Diikuti, dengan tahap sikap (min 4.08) dan tahap pengetahuan (min 4.01) oleh KPKK. Implikasi kajian menyumbang kepada pengkayaan ilmu pembangunan komuniti dan sosiologi pertanian melalui pelaksanaan GAP agar sekuriti makanan negara ditingkatkan melalui komoditi koko.

Kata kunci: Sosiologi pertanian; pembangunan komuniti; koko; Sabah; Amalan Pertanian Baik

Abstract: The development of the agricultural sector is a strategic approach by the Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) to support the smallholder cocoa farmers’ community (SCFC) in generating income and alleviating poverty. (SCFC) faces productivity issues in cocoa production, in terms of both quality and quantity. Consequently, MCB has implemented a cocoa productivity enhancement program to encourage the adoption of Malaysian good agricultural practices (MyGAP) among (SCFC). However, literature suggests that awareness and acceptance of MyGAP within the community remain low. Thus, this study aims to identify the knowledge, attitude, and practice levels of (SCFC) within the MyGAP context. A quantitative study was conducted using a survey research approach on 195 (SCFC) members, utilizing a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The census technique was applied to respondents across the East Coast zone of Sabah. The study employs the KAP Model as its theoretical foundation to measure respondents’ knowledge, attitude, and practices toward MyGAP. Findings indicate that the majority of smallholders are first-generation cocoa farmers, aged between 51 and 60 years, with 1 to 20 years of experience in agriculture. The highest mean score for good agricultural practices (GAP) was observed in practice (mean = 4.20), followed by attitude (mean = 4.08), and knowledge (mean = 4.01) among (SCFC). This study contributes to community development knowledge by implementing MyGAP, thereby enhancing national food security through the cocoa commodity.

Keywords: Agricultural sociology; community development; cocoa; Sabah; Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)

References

Aidoo, R., & Fromm, I. (2015). Willingness To Adopt Certifications and Sustainable Production Methods Among Small-Scale Cocoa Farmers in The

Ashanti Region of Ghana. Journal Of Sustainable Development, 8(1), 33-43.
Aikins, I. (2014). The effect of access to and use of agricultural information on the livelihood of cocoa farmers. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana].

Abdullah, N. (2019, Januari 19). Koko tanaman komoditi berpotensi besar. 18 September 2019https://www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/lain-lain/2019/07/586626/koko-tanaman-komoditi-berpotensi-besar.

Abu Samah, A.S. (2021). Pendayaupayaan melalui pembangunan komuniti: Satu Refleksi. Syarahan Inagural Dewan Seminar Al-Farabi, Fakulti Ekologi Manusia, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Amuda, Y. J. (2020). Cocoa Plantation among Smallholder Farmers: Towards Mitigating Socio-Economic Effects of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 55(4), 1-12. http://.doi//; 10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.4.56.

Arshad, M. F. (2019, Mei 30). Realiti pemisahan komoditi industri, makanan. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/muka10/2019/03/542187/realiti-pemisahan-komoditi-industri-makanan.

Arshad, M. F. (2020, Januari 20). Sektor pertanian perlu hala tuju baharu. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/muka10/2020/01/648289/sektorpertanian-perlu-hala-tuju-baharu. (Diakses pada 30 Mei 2022).

ASEAN GAP. (2018). Good Agricultural Practices for the production of good quality cacao beans in the ASEAN Region. ASEAN Cocoa Club Technical Working Group on Good Agricultural Practices (ACC TWGGAP). Adopted at the 40th AMAF Meeting, 11 October 2018, Ha Noi, Vietnam.

Awoyemi A.O & Aderinoye-Abdulwahab S.A. (2019). Assessment Of the Use Of Cocoa Production Management Practices Among Cocoa Farmers In Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal Of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 8(2), 37-41.

Baccar, M., Bouaziz, A., Dugué, P., Gafsi, M., & Le Gal, P. Y. (2020). Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment. Sustainability, 12(20), 1 - 15.

Bahfiarti, T., & Unde, A. A. (2021). Analysis of the Diversity of Learning Media for Cocoa Farmers to Increase Economic Productivity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era in South Sulawesi. In 3rd Jogjakarta Communication Conference (JCC 2021), pg19-22. Atlantis Press.

Bennett, C.F. (1976). Analyzing impacts of Extension programs. Department of Agriculture Extension Service. Esc-575.

Buttel, F. H. (1993). The sociology of agricultural sustainability: some observations on the future of sustainable agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 46(1),175-186.

Caliman, J. P., Berthaud, A., Dubos, B., & Tailliez, B. (2005). Agronomy, sustainability, and good agricultural practices. OCL - Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 12(2), 134–140.

Charatsari, C., & Lioutas, E. D. (2020). Evaluating agricultural extension and education projects: The VELVET approach. Development in Practice, 30(4), 548-557.

Cordaro, F., & Desdoigts, A. (2021). Bounded rationality, social capital and technology adoption in family farming: Evidence from Cocoa-tree crops in Ivory Coast. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(13), 1-20.

Dagmar, M., James, M. R., Jason, A. D., Ewane, N., Valentina, R., Duman, W., Denis, J. S. & Trent, B. (2017). Unpacking ‘sustainable’ cocoa: do sustainability standards, development projects and policies address producer concerns in Indonesia, Cameroon, and Peru? International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13 (1), 444-469.

Danso-Abbeam, G., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. (2017). Adoption Of Agrochemical Management Practices Among Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 9(6),717-728.

Djokoto, J. G., Owusu, V., & Awunyo-Vitor, D. (2016). Adoption Of Organic Agriculture: Evidence from Cocoa Farming In Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1-15.

Du-Monde, M. (2011). The KAP survey model (Knowledge, Attitudes, & Practices). USAID.

Effendy, A., Hanani, N., Setiawan, B., & Muhaimin, A.W. (2013). Characteristics of farmers and technical efficiency in cocoa farming at Sigi Regency-Indonesia with approach stochastic frontier production function. Journal of Econ and Sust Develop, 4(14), 154–160.

Effendy, A., Pratama, M.F., Rauf, A.R., Antara, M., Basir-Cyio, M., Mahfudz., & Muhardi. (2019). Factors influencing the efficiency of cocoa farms: A study to increase income in rural Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 14(4),1–15.

Fadzim, W. R. (2016). Pengeluaran dan Sumbangan Sektor Koko Kepada Pendapatan Pekebun Kecil di Malaysia: Suatu Analisis Kecekapan. [Tesis Doktor Falsafah. Universiti Utara Malaysia].

FAO. (2003) Development of A Framework for Good Agricultural Practices. Committee On Agriculture (COAG), Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.

Ganpat, W., Badrie, N., Walter, S., Roberts, L., Nandlal, J., & Smith, N. (2014). Compliance with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) by state-registered and non-registered vegetable farmers in Trinidad, West Indies. Food Security, 6(1), 61-69.

Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI). (2020, January 1). Global Food Safety Initiative Recognition. The Consumer Goods Forum. https://mygfsi.com/.

Hansen, H., & Trifković, N. (2014). Food standards are good–for middle-class farmers. World Development, 56, 226-242.

Havelock, R. G. (1973). The Change Ejen’s Guide to Innovation in Education. Educational Technology Publications.

Ibrahim, N., Bujang, A., Bibi, Z. H., Sadikin, S., Bujang, N., & Ambi, S. H. (2023). The Impact of ICT in Empowering Sarawak Women in Home-Based Business Communities. e-BANGI Journal Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2023.2004.33

Ijon, R., Azman, A., & Singh, P. S. J. (2024). Exploring Sustainability in Social Welfare Non-Governmental Organisations. e-Bangi Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 21(1), https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2024.2101.47

Jelsma, I., Woittiez, L.S., Ollivier, J., Dharmawan, A.H. (2019). Do Wealthy Farmers Implement Better Agricultural Practices? An Assessment of Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Among Different Types of Independent Oil Palm Smallholders in Riau, Indonesia. Agric. Syst, 1(7), 63–76.

Karim, I., Fatmawaty, D., & Wulandari, E. (2020). The perception of local cocoa farmers to the swisscontact program: economics, environment and social dimension. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 486 (1), 012002). IOP Publishing.

Kasin, R., Suandi, T., & Krauss, S.E. (2012). Determinants of Successful Technology Adoption among Malaysian Cocoa Farmers. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 20, 175–184.

Keong, M.S. (2021, September 2). Komoditi memakmurkan rakyat. Berita Harian.https://www.bharian.com.my/kolumnis/2017/09/320572/komoditi-memakmurkan-rakyat.

Knickel, K. (2016). Trajectories of agricultural modernization and rural resilience: Some first insights derived from case studies in 14 countries. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 10(1), 31-43.

Lembaga Koko Malaysia. (2019, Januari 1). Program Berkaitan Pekebun Kecil Koko (TOTE). https://www.koko.gov.my/lkmbm/loader.cfm?&cat=Program%20Pekebun%20Kecil&type=Smallholders&id=1655 .

Lindell, C. (2021). Cocoa Processing Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2021-2026. Researchandmarkets.Com.

Lopez-Ridaura, S., Sanders, A., Barba-Escoto, L., Wiegel, J., Mayorga-Cortes, M., Gonzalez-Esquivel, Lopez-Ramirez, M.A., Escoto-Masis, R.M.,

Morales-Galindo, E., & Garcia-Barcena, T. (2021). Immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on farming systems in Central America and Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103178.

Lotz, L.A.P., Van De Wiel, C.C.M. & Smulders, M.J.M. (2018) How to Assure That Farmers Apply New Technology According to Good Agricultural Practice: Lessons from Dutch Initiatives. Front. Environ. Sci, 6(89), 1-5.

Meijer, S. S., Catacutan, D., Ajayi, O. C., Sileshi, G. W., & Nieuwenhuis, M. (2015). The role of knowledge, attitude, and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 13(1), 40–54.

Mejia, R. (2011). Increasing Productivity of Cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, and Colombia. [Master’s Thesis, Purdue University].

Neilson, J., Pritchard, B., Fold, N., & Dwiartama, A. (2018). Lead firms in the cocoa–chocolate global production network: an assessment of the deductive capabilities of GPN 2.0. Economic Geography, 94(4), 400-424.

Noviatin Syarifuddin, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, Nik Ahmad Sufian Burhan & Jasmin Arif Sham (2023). Tahap Kelestarian Pertanian Komuniti Pekebun Kecil Koko (KPKK) di Zon Pantai Timur Sabah (PTS). e-BANGI Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2023.2002.24
Omar, S.C., Bee, Y.G., & Sazali, N.T. (2018). A Monograph of a Malaysian

Cocoa Smallholder: Local Farmers Suffer from Low Volume and Inconsistent Cocoa Bean Quality. Working Paper 1/18. Technical Report. Khazanah Research Institute’s (KRI). Malaysia.

Omoare, A. M., Oyediran, W. O., & Fakoya, E. O. (2016). Comparative assessment of cocoa farmers’ knowledge and attitude to trainings on good cultural management practices (CMP) in Ogun and Ondo States, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies, 3(3), 36-51.

Onumah, J.A., Oonumah, E.E., Al-Hassan, R.M., & Bru¨mmer. (2013). Meta-frontier analysis of organic and conventional cocoa production in Ghana. Agric. Econ, 59(6), 271–280.

Orisajo, S. B., Ogunlade, M. O., & Oluyole, K. A. (2019). Knowledge of Cocoa Farmers on Good Agricultural Practices in Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Agriculture & Biology Research, 7(4), 1-6.

Pan, M., & Pan, W. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards zero carbon buildings: Hong Kong case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2(4), 122-219.

Sail, R. M. (2010). Empowering Of Agricultural Extensionists Through Knowledge and Skill Of The Extension Profession. In: International Conference on Agricultural Extension 2010 (AGREX’10): Empowering of Agri-Food Stakesholders in Facing Global Challenges Towards Sustainability, 26-28 Oct. 2010, Palm Garden Hotel, IOI Resort Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Sarkis, J. (2021). The affordances of practice and research knowledge. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 49(1), 6-11.

Shah, J. A., Haris, N. B. M., & Abd Rahman, M. F. H. (2021). Influence of Human Resource Development Skills Towards Work Performance of Agriculture Extension Ejen. Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal, 2(1), 1-17.

Suh, N.N, Njimanted, G.F. & Thalut, N. (2020). Effect Of Farmers’ Management Practices on Safety and Quality Standards of Cocoa Production: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6 (1),1844-848.

Tiraieyari, N., Hamzah, A., & Samah, B. A. (2014). Extension ejens and sustainable cocoa farming: A case study of extension ejens in Sabah state, Malaysia. Modern Applied Science, 8(6), 210–218.

Zapata-Cantu, L. (2020). Boosting innovation in emerging markets: the moderating role of human capital. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(3), 604-624.

Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ismail, N., Ahrari, S., & Abu Samah, A. (2021). The effects of consumer attitude on green purchase intention: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Business Research, 13(2), 732-743.

Zubovic, J., Domazet, I., & Stosic, I. (2009). Development Of Human Capital as A Tool for Improving Agricultural Productivity Of Agricultural Sector–Case Of Serbia. In Proceedings of the 113rd EAAE Seminar: The Role Of Knowledge, Innovation And Human Capital In Multifunctional Agriculture And Territorial Rural Development, Belgrade, Serbia, 9–11 December 2009.

Zulkifli, S. (2022, Mac 2024). Ladang koko pintar pertama dibina di Malaysia. Sinar Harian. https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/194451/BERITA/Nasional/Ladang-koko-pintar-pertama-dibina-di-Malaysia.