Dimensi Sosial Dalam Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Global: Pendekatan Penilaian Kitar Hayat Sosial (Social Dimensions in Global Solid Waste Management: A Social Life Cycle Assessment Approach)
Abstract
Abstrak: Pengurusan sisa pepejal merupakan cabaran global yang semakin kritikal seiring dengan pertumbuhan populasi, urbanisasi pesat dan pola penggunaan yang berubah dengan pantas. Walaupun pelbagai kajian memberi tumpuan kepada aspek teknikal, ekonomi dan alam sekitar, dimensi sosial masih kurang diteliti secara mendalam. Kajian ini menggunakan data sekunder antarabangsa daripada World Bank dan laporan What a Waste 2.0, melibatkan 218 buah negara dengan kategori pendapatan berbeza (tinggi, sederhana-tinggi, sederhana-rendah, rendah). Analisis mendapati wujud perbezaan ketara dalam kaedah rawatan sisa antara negara: negara berpendapatan tinggi (HIC) lebih mengutamakan kitar semula dan insinerasi, manakala negara berpendapatan rendah (LIC) masih bergantung pada pelupusan terbuka. Negara berpendapatan sederhana pula memperlihatkan pola peralihan dengan gabungan sistem moden dan tradisional. Penemuan ini menegaskan bahawa pengurusan sisa bukan sahaja isu teknikal, tetapi turut mencerminkan ketidaksamaan sosial global. Komuniti miskin di negara berpendapatan rendah menanggung beban sosial dan kesihatan awam yang lebih berat walaupun hanya menyumbang sebahagian kecil daripada jumlah sisa dunia. Prinsip Penilaian Kitar Hayat Sosial (S-LCA) digunakan sebagai kerangka konseptual untuk menafsir data ini, khususnya dalam menilai kesan sosial terhadap pekerja, komuniti setempat dan keadilan sosial. Kajian ini menyarankan keperluan memformalkan sektor kitar semula tidak formal, melaksanakan pemindahan teknologi yang adil dan mengintegrasikan indikator sosial dalam dasar pengurusan sisa. Hasilnya diharap dapat menyumbang kepada strategi pengurusan sisa yang lebih inklusif, adil dan selari dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDG 8, 11 dan 12).
Abstract: Solid waste management has become an increasingly critical global challenge, driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and changing consumption patterns. While most studies emphasize the technical, economic, and environmental aspects, the social dimension of waste management remains underexplored. This study draws on international secondary datasets from the World Bank and What a Waste 2.0 report, covering 218 countries across different income categories (high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income). The analysis reveals stark disparities in waste treatment methods: high-income countries (HICs) prioritize recycling (25.6%) and incineration (31.5%), whereas low-income countries (LICs) remain heavily dependent on open dumping (71.9%). Middle-income countries show transitional patterns, combining both modern and traditional systems. These findings highlight that waste management is not merely a technical issue but also reflects global social inequalities. Poor communities in low-income countries bear heavier social and public health burdens despite contributing only a small share of global waste generation. The principles of Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) are applied as a conceptual lens to interpret these data, particularly in assessing impacts on workers, local communities, and social justice. The study calls for the formalization of informal recycling sectors, equitable technology transfer, and integration of social indicators into waste management policies. Ultimately, the findings contribute to more inclusive and socially just waste management strategies aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 8, 11, and 12).
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2026.2301.12
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