Adaptasi Doktrin Ketenteraan Amerika Syarikat: Pengaruh Evolusi Strategi Pemangkalan Ketenteraan Asing di Asia Tenggara (Adaptation of United States Military Doctrine: The Influence of the Evolution of Foreign Military Basing Strategy in Southeast Asia)

Muhammad Luqman Rosli, Zarina Othman, Abdul Muein Abadi, Nurhidayu Rosli

Abstract


Kajian ini membincangkan tentang bagaimana strategi pemangkalan Amerika Syarikat di Asia Tenggara mempengaruhi pembaharuan doktrin ketenteraannya di Asia Tenggara, yang merangkumi cabang Tentera Darat (U.S. Army), Tentera Laut (U.S. Navy), Tentera Udara (U.S. Airforce) dan juga Tentera Marin (U.S. Marines Corps). Sebagai negara pemangkal, Amerika Syarikat menggunakan kaedah pemangkalan tradisional dan juga secara tetap melalui perjanjian dan pewarisan kolonial, dalam mewujudkan kelebihan kepada operasi dan mobilisasi ketenteraannya. Bagaimanapun, model ini berhadapan dengan penentangan politik domestik, halangan undang-undang dan keterdedahan keselamatan daripada negara hos. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian kes dan pengesanan ke atas doktrin-doktrin ketenteraan seperti Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) oleh Tentera Darat, Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) oleh Tentera Laut, Agile Combat Employment (ACE) oleh Tentera Udara, Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) oleh Tentera Marin, pembaharuan doktrin ini dilihatkan berpunca daripada perubahan strategi pemangkalan ketenteraan Amerika Syarikat secara dalaman, serantau dan global. Begitupun, menerusi kajian ini, ianya menunjukkan bahawa pembaharuan doktrin dan perubahan strategi pemangkalan ketenteraan adalah saling bersangkutan dan mempengaruhi satu sama lain, secara bergelung (looping). Adaptasi doktrin ketenteraan ini juga menunjukkan bahawa faktor dalaman dan elemen domestik Amerika Syarikat turut memainkan peranan penting dalam pembentukan dasar keselamatan dan pertahanannya. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini penting dalam menyingkap lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana perkembangan politik diantara negara hos-pemangkal menatijahkan kerangka keselamatan masing-masing.

Abstract: This study discusses how the United States’ military basing strategy in Southeast Asia influences the renewal of its military doctrines in the region, encompassing the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps. As a basing power, the United States employs both traditional and permanent basing methods through agreements and colonial inheritances to create advantages for its military operations and mobilization. However, this model faces domestic political resistance, legal constraints, and security vulnerabilities from host states. Using case studies and tracing the development of military doctrines such as the Army’s Multi-Domain Operations (MDO), the Navy’s Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO), the Air Force’s Agile Combat Employment (ACE), and the Marine Corps’ Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO), the study finds that these doctrinal reforms stem from shifts in the United States’ military basing strategies at the internal, regional, and global levels. Nonetheless, this study shows that doctrinal reforms and changes in basing strategy are mutually linked and influence each other in a looping manner. The adaptation of these military doctrines also reflects the significant role of U.S. domestic factors and internal elements in shaping its security and defence policies. In this regard, the study is important for further uncovering how evolving political dynamics between host and basing states shape their respective security frameworks.

 


Keywords


Military adaptation; United States; Southeast Asia; military doctrine; military basing

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2026.2301.36

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