Penolakan Ajakan dalam Bahasa Jepun oleh Informan Melayu: Analisis Strategi dan Kesan Kesantunan (Declining an Invitation in Japanese by Malay Informants: Analysis of Strategies and Politeness Effects)

Natsue Hieda, Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar

Abstract


Penolakan ajakan adalah lakuan bahasa yang menarik untuk dikaji, terutamanya apabila pertukaran bahasa berlaku dalam konteks antara budaya. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti strategi penolakan ajakan yang digunakan oleh penutur bahasa Jepun berbangsa Melayu serta menjelaskan “kesan kesantunan” terhadap strategi tersebut. Data kajian ini diperolehi melalui kaedah lakonan terbuka menerusi perkhidmatan rangkaian sosial (SNS) serta temu bual pasca lakonan. Kajian ini membuat perbandingan dari sudut kekerapan penggunaan formula semantik serta purata penggunaan formula semantik per kapita di antara 20 orang penutur asli bahasa Melayu (MNS) dengan 20 orang penutur asli bahasa Jepun (JNS). Perbandingan turut dilakukan dalam konteks bahasa ibunda mahupun konteks antara budaya. Kesan kesantunan ditentukan berdasarkan kerangka Teori Kesantunan Wacana. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa secara keseluruhannya strategi yang diambil oleh MNS dalam bahasa Jepun menghasilkan kesan kesantunan yang positif/neutral kerana MNS telah berjaya untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan norma dalam bahasa sasaran. MNS telah berubah untuk menitikberatkan kesantunan negatif dalam konteks antara budaya dengan mengurangkan jumlah penggunaan formula semantik serta memperbanyakkan penggunaan {sebab kabur} dan {reaksi positif} mengikut cara penolakan JNS secara proaktif. Strategi tidak tipikal yang digunakan oleh MNS juga masih dapat diterima oleh JNS kerana penerima mesej menetapkan “julat toleransi” secara meluas. Satu kes salah faham dalam konteks antara budaya ditemui disebabkan oleh pengaruh daripada imej “parti di rumah” yang berlainan di antara MNS dengan JNS. Kajian ini telah membuktikan daya keterbukaan dalam masyarakat Melayu apabila MNS berkomunikasi dalam konteks antara budaya.

 

Kata kunci: Penolakan ajakan; Strategi kesantunan; Perkhidmatan rangkaian sosial; Formula semantik; Komunikasi antara budaya

  

ABSTRACT

 

The declining of an invitation is an interesting speech act to study, especially when the language exchange takes place in an intercultural context. The objective of this study is to identify the refusal strategies used by Malay non-native speakers of Japanese as well as to clarify the “politeness effects” on the aforementioned strategies. The data for this study were obtained using open role-play through SNS and by post-task interviews. The study compared the frequency of semantic formula usage and the average usage of semantic formulas per capita between 20 native Malay speakers (MNSs) and 20 native Japanese speakers (JNSs). Comparisons were made in native as well as intercultural contexts. The politeness effects were determined based on the framework of Discourse Politeness Theory. As a result, the general strategies used by the MNSs in Japanese produced positive/neutral-politeness effects because the MNSs could adapt to the target language norms. The MNSs altered their approach to enhance negative politeness in intercultural contexts by reducing the number of semantic formulas and proactively increasing the use of {vague excuse} and {positive opinion} in response to the refusal strategies of the JNSs. The atypical strategies proposed by the MNSs were also accepted by the JNSs because the message recipients set wide “acceptable variations.” A case of misunderstanding in intercultural contexts was also found due to the influence of different “home-party” images between the MNSs and the JNSs. This study proves the power of openness in the Malay community when the MNSs communicate in intercultural contexts.

 

Keywords: Declining an invitation; Politeness strategies; Social networking service; Semantic formulas; Intercultural communication


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2021-2101-09

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