Relevance Theory: A Hybrid Model for Analysing Metaphor in Sūrat al-Takāthur

Amal Abdelsattar Metwally, Meriem Attia Bouziane

Abstract


This study provides a thematic analysis of metaphorical language in surat al-Takāthur and evaluates the explanatory power and limitations of Relevance Theory (RT) for interpreting Qur’anic metaphoricity. RT, grounded in cognitive pragmatics, provides a framework for understanding how readers infer meaning based on optimal relevance and minimal processing effort. However, when applied to sacred discourse, particularly Qur’anic texts imbued with doctrinal depth and rhetorical intensity, RT encounters significant limitations. Using close textual analysis, the study identifies metaphorically used lexical items across the surah’s eight verses and groups them into thematic clusters concerning material obsession, mortality, eschatological certainty, and divine accountability. The analysis involves a close, verse-by-verse reading of the Arabic text supported by the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) to systematically identify metaphorical lexical items, followed by thematic categorisation and inferential-pragmatic interpretation. RT usefully explains how readers derive implicatures through contextual enrichment and inferential processes; however, its core assumption, particularly cognitive economy and a human speaker-hearer model, does not fully capture the spiritual intentionality, intertextual layering, and doctrinal resonance inherent in Qur’anic metaphor. To address these limitations, the study integrates insights from classical Arabic rhetoric (balāgha) and cognitive metaphor analysis, proposing a hybrid model better suited to sacred discourse.  The findings indicate that Qur’anic metaphor not only communicates meaning but also shapes moral awareness, encourages reflection (Tadabbur), and directs readers toward eschatological accountability. By proposing a hybrid framework integrating inferential pragmatics, conceptual metaphor theory, and classical Arabic rhetoric, this study offers a replicable model for future analyses of metaphor in sacred texts.

 

Keywords: Qur’anic metaphor; Relevance Theory; Surat al-Takāthur; cognitive pragmatics; Arabic rhetoric

 

ABSTRAK

 

Kajian ini menganalisis penggunaan bahasa metafora dalam Surah al-Takāthur serta menilai kesesuaian Teori Relevans (TR) dalam memahami maksud ayat-ayat tersebut. Teori Relevans, yang berasaskan pragmatik kognitif, menjelaskan bagaimana pembaca memahami makna berdasarkan konteks dan proses pemikiran. Namun, apabila diaplikasikan kepada wacana al-Qur’an yang sarat dengan dimensi spiritual, retorik, dan doktrinal, teori ini didapati mempunyai beberapa keterbatasan yang signifikan. Melalui analisis teks secara mendalam, kajian ini mengenal pasti dan menganalisis unsur metafora dalam setiap ayat Surah al-Takāthur dengan menggunakan Prosedur Identifikasi Metafora (MIP), diikuti dengan pengelompokan tematik yang merangkumi kecintaan melampau terhadap dunia, kematian, kepastian eskatologi, dan tanggungjawab manusia terhadap Tuhan. Pendekatan ini membolehkan pemahaman yang lebih sistematik terhadap fungsi metafora dalam membina makna. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun TR berupaya menjelaskan proses inferens dan pembentukan implikatur, kerangka ini tidak sepenuhnya dapat memahami maksud dimensi intensionaliti kerohanian, lapisan intertekstual, serta metafora yang padat dalam al-Qur’an. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini mencadangkan satu model hibrid yang mengintegrasikan Teori Relevans, analisis metafora kognitif, dan retorik Arab klasik (balāghah) bagi menghasilkan kerangka analisis yang lebih komprehensif. Kesimpulannya, metafora al-Qur’an bukan sahaja berfungsi untuk menyampaikan makna, tetapi turut berperanan dalam membentuk kesedaran moral, menggalakkan refleksi (tadabbur) mengingatkan manusia tentang tanggungjawab mereka di akhirat. Model hibrid yang dicadangkan berpotensi menjadi kerangka rujukan dalam analisis metafora bagi teks-teks keagamaan pada masa hadapan.

 

Kata Kunci: Metafora al-Qur’an; Teori Relevans; Surah al-Takāthur; pragmatik kognitif; retorik Arab


Keywords


Qur’anic metaphor; Relevance Theory; Surat Al-Takāthur; cognitive pragmatics; Arabic rhetoric

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