Sempadan dan pertikaian pemilikan tanah adat di Sarawak (Boundaries and customary land ownership disputes in Sarawak)

Azima Abdul Manaf, Syafiq Akmal K., Sarmila Md Sum, Novel Lyndon, Zaimah Ramli, Suhana Saad, Sivapalan Selvadurai, Abd Hair Awang, Mohd Yusof Hussain, Mokhtar Jaafar, Mohd Fuad Mat Jali

Abstract


Pertikaian pemilikan tanah adat secara jelasnya berpunca daripada tiga faktor utama iaitu status, kesahihan pemilikan dan keluasan sebenar tanah yang dimiliki. Konflik masyarakat berhubung dengan perkara tersebut boleh dikaitkan dengan cara informasi tanah diperoleh. Kebanyakan pemilik tanah adat mendapatkan informasi tanah milik mereka secara lisan iaitu melalui informasi mulut ke mulut. Hal ini akhirnya menjadi satu cabaran yang besar kepada masyarakat apabila timbul pelbagai anggapan dan intepretasi yang berbeza berkait dengan status dan kesahihan tanah adat yang dimiliki. Justeru kajian ini menelit i maklumbalas pemilik tanah adat berhubung dengan cara penentuan sempadan tanah dalam kalangan masyarakat Bidayuh di daerah Serian Sarawak. Selain itu kajian juga memberikan perhatian terhadap pertikaian persempadanan tanah adat serta impilkasinya dalam kalangan pemilik tanah adat. Maklumat yang berkait dengan tujuan kajian telah diperoleh melalui FGD serta temuselidik mendalam dengan pemilik tanah adat di kawasan kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati wujud beberapa cara penentuan sempadan dalam kalangan pemilik tanah. Sehubungan itu, dapat dirumuskan bahawa pertikaian tanah di kawasan kajian banyak didorong oleh isu status dan kesahihan pemilikan tanah yang dimiliki oleh pemilik tanah adat. Bagi mengurangkan konflik maka dicadangkan agar tanah-tanah yang ada dibuat sukatan oleh juruukur bertauliah. Apabila tanah telah disukat, pemilik tanah akan memperoleh surat hakmilik tanah yang lebih jelas dari segi status dan kesasihan pemilikan.

Katakunci: kesahihan pemilikan, konflik tanah, pertikaian tanah, sempadan tanah, status pemilikan, tanah adat

Customary land ownership disputes may be attributed to three main factors, namely, land status, legitimacy of ownership, and the actual size of land owned. Communal conflicts and disputes pertaining to customary land ownership in tribal states such as Sarawak may be attributed to the way land information is acquired. As most of the owners of customary land acquired their land ownership information orally, through word of mouth, this has led to the onset of various challenges as to the validity and legitimacy of differing assumptions and interpretations of the land ownership status. This study examines the responses of customary land owners with respect to the manner customary land boundaries were determined by the Bidayuh community in the Serian district of Sarawak with special reference to land disputes and their implications to customary land ownership. Information was collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with customary land owners. The findings indicated that there existed several dfferent ways of defining and determining land boundaries among the landowners. In conclusion, land disputes in the study area were driven by issues of ownership status and legitimacy. To mitigate disputes, it is suggested that the customary lands be properly surveyed and subdivided by qualified surveyors. When thus surveyed, land owners would obtain a bonafide official land title declaring clearly the status and ownership legitimacy of the particular customary land.

Keywords: customary land, land boundaries, land conflict, land disputes, ownership legit imacy, ownership status


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