Amalan Bodong dan hak penentuan kendiri dalam kalangan komuniti Orang Asal di Kalinga, Filipina (Bodong practices and the right to self-determination of the Indigenous Cultural community in Kalinga, the Philippines)

Muhamad Sayuti Hassan @ Yahya, Rohaida Nordin

Abstract


Pengiktirafan hak penentuan kendiri orang asal telah termaktub di bawah perkara 3, Deklarasi Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu mengenai Hak Orang Asal (DHOA). Walau bagaimanapun, pengiktirafan dari segi amalan di peringkat domestik masih menjadi persoalan. Sehubungan itu, objektif utama artikel ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengiktirafan hak penentuan kendiri orang asal melalui amalan Bodong dalam kalangan orang asal (Indigenous Cultural Communities dan Indigenous Peoples) (ICC/IP) Kalinga, di Filipina. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah sosio-perundangan. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, data diperolehi melalui kajian lapangan dan kajian perpustakaan dengan menganalisis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa amalan Bodong merupakan salah satu simbol pengiktirafan hak penentuan kendiri dari segi amalan dalam kalangan ICC/IP. Pengiktirafan ini menunjukkan bahawa ICC/IP mempunyai autonomi terhadap kehidupan dan amalan tradisi mereka. Amalan ini boleh dianggap sebagai menifestasi pengiktirafan hak penentuan kendiri seperti yang dianjurkan oleh undang-undang antarabangsa. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa pelaksanaan hak penentuan kendiri orang asal perlu diberi perhatian oleh semua negara agar selari dengan undang-undang antarabangsa. Semua pihak perlu memainkan peranan bagi memastikan pengiktarafan hak penentuan kendiri ini dapat dilaksanakan. Kesimpulannya, pengiktirafan amalan Bodong wajar dijadikan contoh agar pengiktirafan hak orang asal dapat diperkasakan secara menyeluruh, seterusnya dapat membantu kerajaan dan pemegang taruh untuk memenuhi obligasi undang-undang antarabangsa mereka terhadap orang asal.


Keywords


bodong; DHOA; hak penentuan kendiri; orang asal; pengiktirafan; undang-undang antarabangsa

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