DEBUNKING ISLAMOPHOBIA: THE ROLES OF DANIEL PIPES IN THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MUSLIMS [MENDEDAHKAN KEDANGKALAN ISLAMOFOBIA: PERANAN DANIEL PIPES DALAM REPRESENTASI IMEJ MUSLIM]

Hafiz Zakariya

Abstract


Islamophobia, in the sense of exaggerated fear of, and hatredness towards Islam and Muslim is not a new phenomenon. It had existed within 100 years of the advent of Islamic civilisation in the Arabian Peninsula. Islamophobia is derived from the French word, Islamophobie, which was first used by Sliman ben Ibrahim in 1918. Edward Said first used it in English in 1985. Islamophobia as we understand today, is a modern phenomenon, which occurred in the West since the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It has intensified after the event of 9/11. Anti-Muslim activities increased tremendously in the United States after the event of 9/11. Concomittantly, it heightened American public’s interest and curiosity to learn more about Islam. This article first, discusses the meaning and rise of Islamophobia. Then, it focuses on the biography and roles of Daniel Pipes in anti-Muslim activities especially in the United States. This study primarily uses the method of document analysis to understand the attitudes and activities of Daniel Pipes in misrepresenting the Muslims.

 

Keywords: Daniel Pipes, Islamophobia, Islam and the West, Representation of Muslims

 

Islamofobia dalam erti kata ketakutan dan kebencian yang keterlaluan terhadap Islam dan Muslim bukanlah satu perkara baharu. Fenomena ini telah wujud dalam tempoh 100 tahun sejak kemunculan tamadun Islam di Semenanjung Tanah Arab lagi. Islamofobia berasal daripada perkataan Perancis Islamophobie, yang pertama kali diguna pakai pada tahun 1918 oleh Sliman ben Ibrahim. Dalam konteks Bahasa Inggeris pula, istilah ini telah diperkenalkan oleh Edward Said pada tahun 1985. Islamofobia seperti yang kita fahami pada hari ini ialah sebuah fenomena moden yang berlaku di Barat sejak munculnya Revolusi Islam di Iran pada tahun 1979. Situasi ini menjadi bertambah hebat setelah meletusnya peristiwa 11 September 2001 (9/11). Ekoran daripada peristiwa tersebut, gerakan anti-Muslim telah bertambah secara mendadak di Amerika Syarikat. Dalam masa yang sama, minat rakyat Amerika Syarikat untuk mengenali Islam secara lebih dekat turut bertambah dengan kadar yang tinggi. Pertamanya, makalah ini membincangkan pengertian dan kemunculan Islamofobia di Barat dan diikuti dengan fokus utama kajian ini iaitu menghuraikan biografi ringkas dan peranan Daniel Pipes dalam menjalankan gerakan anti-Muslim khususnya di Amerika Syarikat. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen dalam memahami sikap dan aktiviti Daniel Pipes dalam penyalahgambaran imej Muslim.

 

Kata Kunci: Daniel Pipes, Islamofobia, Islam dan Barat, representasi imej Muslim


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References


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