Hukum Kanun Pahang dalam Bingkai Sarjana Kolonial: Suatu Analisis Naratif dan Respons Islamik (The Hukum Kanun Pahang in Colonial Scholarly Framing: A Narrative Analysis and Islamic Response)

Ahmad Farid Abd Jalal, Azman Yusof, Ahnaf Wafi Alias, Rahimin Affandi Abd Rahim

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Kajian ini merupakan satu sorotan kritis terhadap cara sarjana kolonial membingkaikan Hukum Kanun Pahang (HKP) secara negatif, dan bagaimana pentafsiran sepihak tersebut telah membentuk persepsi dominan terhadap sejarah dan perkembangan hukum Islam di Alam Melayu. Melalui penerapan kaedah analisis naratif serta pendekatan pascakolonial Islam, kajian ini bertujuan membongkar strategi epistemik yang digunakan oleh orientalis terkemuka seperti R. J. Wilkinson, R. O. Winstedt, dan J. M. Gullick. Para sarjana ini secara konsisten mentafsirkan HKP semata-mata sebagai sebuah teks feudal dan autokratik yang mencerminkan kehendak mutlak pemerintah, dengan mengabaikan sama sekali asas dan roh Islamik yang menjadi terasnya. Berdasarkan kerangka teori seperti ‘Oriental Despotism’ dan ‘coloniality of knowledge’, pembingkaian kolonial ini berfungsi untuk menafikan rasionaliti serta nilai peradaban yang terkandung dalam sistem hukum Melayu-Islam, sekaligus meletakkannya sebagai suatu produk tempatan yang inferior berbanding sistem Eropah. Kajian ini menolak naratif tersebut dengan menegaskan bahawa HKP sebenarnya berpaksikan prinsip-prinsip Islam yang mendalam, iaitu fiqh al-watan (fiqh kenegaraan tempatan), maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (objektif syariah), dan siyāsah sharʿiyyah (politik berlandaskan syarak). Prinsip-prinsip ini menzahirkan nilai-nilai keadilan, amanah, rahmah, dan tanggungjawab dalam pemerintahan. Bukti terhadap dakwaan ini dapat dilihat secara nyata dalam beberapa fasal penting HKP. Fasal 3 yang menyatakan “jika raja menghukum dengan hawa nafsu, binasalah negeri” mencerminkan prinsip kebertanggungjawaban dan batasan kuasa. Fasal 25 (larangan pembunuhan tanpa hak), Fasal 47 (peringatan keras terhadap kezaliman raja), dan Fasal 60 (larangan rasuah) secara kolektif membuktikan bahawa HKP ialah sebuah teks hukum Islam yang menyatukan prinsip tauhid dengan kerangka moral sosial yang ketat. Ia bukan sekadar kod undang-undang adat, tetapi suatu manifestasi hukum Islam yang telah diwatankan (dilokalkan) dengan penuh kesedaran.

Kata kunci: Hukum Kanun Pahang; dekolonisasi; fiqh al-watan; pascakolonial Islam; pembingkaian tauhidik.

ABSTRACT

This study offers a critical examination of how colonial scholars negatively framed the Hukum Kanun Pahang (HKP), and how this one-sided interpretation has shaped dominant perceptions of the history and development of Islamic law in the Malay Archipelago. Through the application of narrative analysis and an Islamic postcolonial approach, this study deconstructs the epistemic strategies employed by prominent Orientalists scholars such as R. J. Wilkinson, R. O. Winstedt, and J. M. Gullick. These scholars consistently interpreted the HKP merely as a feudal and autocratic text reflecting the absolute will of the ruler, while entirely disregarding its Islamic foundation and essence, which constitute its core. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as ‘Oriental Despotism’ and ‘coloniality of knowledge’, this colonial framing functioned to deny the rationality and civilisational value inherent in the Malay-Islamic legal system, while simultaneously positioning it as an inferior local product in comparison with European legal systems. This study rejects that narrative by asserting that the HKP indeed significantly grounded in substantive Islamic principles, namely fiqh al-watan (local statecraft jurisprudence), maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (the objectives of Islamic law), and siyāsah sharʿiyyah (governance in accordance with Islamic law). These principles manifest the values of justice, trustworthiness, compassion, and accountability in governance. Empirical support for this standpoint is clearly evident in several crucial clauses of the HKP. Clause 3, which states that “if a ruler judges based on personal desire, the country will be ruined”, reflects the principles of accountability and limitation of power. Clause 25 (prohibition of unlawful killing), Clause 47 (stern warning against a ruler’s tyranny), and Clause 60 (prohibition of bribery) collectively demonstrate that the HKP constitutes an Islamic legal text that integrates the principle of tawhid (monotheism) with a stringent social-moral framework. Therefore, It is not merely a customary legal code, but a conscious, localised (diwatankan) manifestation of Islamic law.

Keywords: Hukum Kanun Pahang; epistemic decolonisation; fiqh al-watan; Islamic postcolonialism; tawhidic framing.


Keywords


Hukum Kanun Pahang; dekolonisasi; fiqh al-watan; pascakolonial Islam; pembingkaian tauhidik.

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