Setting the Stage for Criteria and Indicators for Malaysia Garden Cities: Putrajaya Green City as a Case Study (Penetapan Kriteria dan Petunjuk untuk Bandar Taman Malaysia: Bandar Hijau Putrajaya sebagai Kajian Kes)

AMAT RAMSA YAMAN, ABDULLAH MOHD

Abstract


ABSTRACT: Malaysian Government has embarked greening initiative to urban landscapes by planting trees and shrubs. This is in line with ultimate moves to transform the country into a Garden Nation by the year 2020. The policy on landscape was focused to planting of trees and shrubs along roads, sidewalks, highways and rivers together with establishment of many nurseries. The image of garden nation would be materialized when all cities in the country become green cities that portray the garden image in their design and visual dimensions. For Malaysia, however, there are no criteria and indicators to be based on as fundamental basis for green cities. A study was conducted to develop a reliable set of criteria and indicators for an ideal, green city or garden city. Delphi method was adopted to solicit the opinion from 30 experts through a series of questionnaires. As a result, it was able to generate and identified 8 criteria and 42 indicators for an ideal Malaysian green city where the top three criteria selected were: (i) safe, healthy and beautiful living working environment, functional; (ii) integrated landscapes, and (iii) need for a physical master plan to include network of high quality plants, open spaces, parks and green areas throughout the city. Following this, stakeholders’ perceptions on the importance of the selected criteria for the Malaysian green city were assessed using the Importance Performance Analysis Procedure. When compared to the earlier results produced by the expert panels, consensus were achieved including the primary stakeholders, domestic tourists and foreign tourists. The stakeholders’ perceptions upon the performance of Putrajaya as one of Malaysian garden city were also assessed by using Importance Performance Analysis. A “Safe and Healthy” including the “Beautiful Living Working Environment” were found to be consistently in to keep up the good work quadrant. Meanwhile, adequate funding to support garden city program was consistently shown a low performance level. It being perceives that the status of Putrajaya as the administrative centre for Malaysian where public funding by design will always be allocated to support garden city related activities. The study also revealed that beautiful landscapes, gardens, parks and nature are the most important attractions in Putrajaya. Visitors placed green attraction more important than other attractions in their decision to visit Putrajaya. This indicated that green areas particularly her garden and park are considered as the brand that able to attract tourists to visit the city. Hence, Putrajaya could definitely be considered having achieved her objective as a green garden city. The generated criteria and indicators should be used as a standard or condition to be met and recognized as a green or garden city.

Keywords: Indicators; Malaysia; garden cities; Putrajaya

 

ABSTRAK: Kerajaan Malaysia telah memulakan inisiatif penghijauan untuk landskap bandar dengan menanam pokok-pokok dan pokok renek. Ini adalah selaras dengan langkah utama untuk mengubah negara ini menjadi Negara Taman menjelang tahun 2020. Dasar mengenai landskap telah memberi tumpuan kepada penanaman pokok dan tumbuhan di sepanjang jalan raya, kaki lima, lebuh raya dan sungai bersama-sama dengan penubuhan banyak tapak semaian. Imej negara taman akan menjadi kenyataan apabila semua bandar-bandar di negara ini menjadi bandar hijau yang menggambarkan imej taman dalam reka bentuk mereka dan dimensi visual. Bagaimanapun bagi Malaysia, tiada kriteria dan petunjuk yang boleh disandarkan sebagai asas kepada bandar hijau. Satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk membangunkan set kriteria dan petunjuk yang boleh dipercayai bagi bandar raya hijau atau taman bandar yang ideal. Kaedah Delphi telah digunakan untuk mendapatkan pendapat daripada 30 pakar melalui satu siri soal selidik. Hasilnya, ia dapat menjana dan mengenal pasti 8 kriteria dan 42 petunjuk untuk sebuah bandar hijau Malaysian yang ideal di mana tiga kriteria utama yang dipilih adalah: (i) selamat, sihat dan hidup persekitaran kerja yang cantik, berfungsi; (ii) landskap bersepadu, dan (iii) keperluan pelan induk fizikal untuk memasukkan rangkaian pelan yang berkualiti tinggi, kawasan lapang, taman-taman dan kawasan hijau di seluruh bandar. Berikutan itu, persepsi pihak berkepentingan mengenai kepentingan kriteria yang dipilih untuk bandar hijau Malaysia telah dinilai menggunakan Importance Performance Analysis Procedure. Apabila dibandingkan dengan hasil yang lebih awal yang telah dihasilkan oleh panel pakar, kata sepakat telah dicapai oleh pemegang kepentingan utama, pelancong tempatan dan pelancong asing. Persepsi pihak berkepentingan terhadap prestasi Putrajaya sebagai salah satu bandar dalam taman Malaysia juga telah dinilai dengan menggunakan Analisis Prestasi Kepentingan. Moto “Selamat dan Sihat” termasuk “Persekitaran Kerja Cantik” didapati secara konsisten dalam meneruskan kuadran hasil kerja yang baik. Sementara itu, dana yang mencukupi untuk menyokong program bandar dalam taman telah secara konsisten menunjukkan tahap prestasi yang rendah. Ia menjadi tanggapan bahawa status Putrajaya sebagai pusat pentadbiran Malaysia di mana pembiayaan awam dengan reka bentuk akan sentiasa diperuntukkan untuk menyokong aktiviti-aktiviti yang berkaitan bandar dalam taman. Kajian itu juga mendedahkan bahawa landskap yang indah, taman-taman dan alam semula jadi adalah tarikan yang paling penting di Putrajaya. Pelawat meletakkan tarikan taman hijau lebih penting daripada tarikan lain dalam keputusan mereka untuk melawat Putrajaya. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kawasan hijau khususnya taman hijau adalah faktor yang mampu menarik pelancong untuk melawat bandar dalam taman. Oleh itu, Putrajaya pasti boleh dianggap telah mencapai objektifnya sebagai sebuah bandar taman hijau. Kriteria dan petunjuk yang dihasilkan harus digunakan sebagai piawai atau syarat yang perlu dipenuhi dan diiktiraf bagi sesebuah bandar hijau atau taman.

Kata kunci: Penunjuk; Malaysia; taman dalam bandar; Putrajaya


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