Papua’s Internet Ban 2020: Politics, Information Democracy, and Digital Literacy
Abstract
Internet ban in the middle of 2019 in Papua after the outbreaks of demonstrations and riots in Papua and West Papua, still leaves various speculations and question marks. The court ruling which had won the lawsuit of the Press Freedom Defender Team against the President and the Minister of Communication and Information of Indonesia also seemed to pass by without any significant follow up. Many studies on this phenomenon in terms of law and human rights have been carried out. However, several other aspects that are also interesting and useful have not been much elaborated. This paper explores this phenomenon based on political aspects, information democracy, and digital literacy that is closely related to communication. This is a literature review that employs document study data collection techniques and interactive data analysis. From the analysis it can be found that the Papua’s internet ban relates to the effort by the Indonesian government to domesticate Papua issue in the context of politics. In terms of information democracy, there is a violation in citizen rights that intend to internationalize the issue. Finally, in the context of digital literacy, there is a need to collaborate in order to improve digital literacy skills among Papuan. The implication of this study is the richer perspective in viewing a controversial phenomenon and involves the wider community, considering that this phenomenon is very likely to still occur in Indonesia in the future.
Keywords: Internet ban, Papua, information democracy, digital literacy, political aspect.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Access Now. (2018). The state of Internet shutdowns around the world: The 2018 #KeepItOn report. https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2019/07/KeepItOn-2018-Report.pdf
Ana, Z. (2020). Iran: Tightening the net 2020 After blood and shutdowns. Articles 19. https://www.article19.org/ttn-iran-november-shutdown/
Astuti, S. I., Mulyati, H., & Lumakto, G. (2020). In search of Indonesian-based digital literacy curriculum through Tular Nalar. Proceeding of Social and Humanities Research Symposium 2020. https://www.mafindo.or.id/blog/2020/11/14/in-search-of-indonesian-based-digital-media-literacy-curriculum-through-tular-nalar/
Barberá, P. (2020). Social media, echo chambers, and political polarization. In N. Persily & J. Tucker (Eds.), Social media and democracy: The state of the field, prospects for reform (SSRC Anxieties of Democracy, pp. 34-55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/social-media-echo-chambers-and-political-polarization/333A5B4DE1B67EFF7876261118CCFE19
Bimber, B., Cunil, M. C., Copeland, L., & Gibson, R. (2015). Digital media and political participation: The moderating role of political interest across acts and over time. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/f6w72d
Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. In C. Lankshear, & M. Knobel, Digital literacies: Concepts, policies, and practices (pp. 17-32). New York: Peter Lang.
Blades, J. (2019, June 21). West Papuan liberation movement applies for full MSG membership. Radio New Zealand. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/392534/west-papuan-liberation-movement-applies-for-full-msg-membership
Blades, J. (2020, May 1). West Papua: The issue that won’t go away for Melanesia. Lowy Institute Analysis. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/west-papua-issues-wont-go-away-melanesia
Burhan, F. A. (2020, June 23). Tak ingin blokir Internet terulang, Kominfo andalkan literasi digital. Katadata. https://katadata.co.id/agungjatmiko/digital/5ef20a2058d0c/
Charvat, J., & Brunnerova, O. (2020). Online political communication research methods. Politics in Central Europe, 16(2).
Chauvel, R. (2005). Constructing Papuan nationalism: History, ethnicity, and adaptation. East-West Center Washington: Washington.
CNN Indonesia. (2020, September 28). Vanuatu, negara kecil yang dukung kemerdekaan Papua. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200928075602-113-551633/vanuatu-negara-kecil-yang-dukung-kemerdekaan-papua
Devega, E. (2017, October 10). Teknologi masyarakat Indonesia: Malas baca tapi cerewet di Medsos. Kominfo. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/10862/teknologi-masyarakat-indonesia-malas-baca-tapi-cerewet-di-medsos/0/sorotan_media
de Zúñiga, H. G., Huber, B., & Strauß, N. (2018). Social media and democracy. El Profesional de la Información, 27(6), 1172-1180. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.01
Hacker, K. L., & van Dijk, J. (Eds.). (2012). What Is digital democracy? In, Digital democracy: Issues of theory and practice (Chapter 1, pp. 1-18). Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446218891
Haryono, W. (2020, January 25). India cabut sebagian pembatasan Internet di Kashmir. Medcom.id. https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/VNnQrVJK-india-cabut-sebagian-pembatasan-internet-di-kashmir
Katadata Insight Center. (2020). Status literasi digital Indonesia 2020: Hasil survei di 34 provinsi. http://literasidigital.id/sdm_downloads/status-literasi-digital-indonesia-2020-hasil-survei-di-34-provinsi/
Kaufmann, M., & Jeandesboz, J. (2017). Politics and ‘the digital’: From singularity to specificity. European Journal of Social Theory, 20(3), 309–328.
Kemp, S. (2020, January 31). Digital 2020: 3.8 billion people use social media. We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2020/01/digital-2020-3-8-billion-people-use-social-media
Kompas.com. (20, September 2021). Kontras minta komisi 1 DPR evaluasi pemerintah soal penanganan Papua. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/09/20/14271401/kontras-minta-komisi-i-dpr-evaluasi-pemerintah-soal-penanganan-papua?page=all
Körner, K. (2019, August 22). Digital politics: Al, big data and the future of democracy. Deutsche Bank Research. https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/Digital_politics%3A_AI%2C_big_data_and_the_future_of_d/RPS_EN_DOC_VIEW.calias?rwnode=PROD0000000000435631&ProdCollection=PROD0000000000497768
Lantang, F., & Tambunan, E. M. (2020). The internalization of "West Papua" issue and its impact on Indonesia's policy to the South Pacific Region. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 8(1), 41-59.
Lerner, M. Y. (2010). Connecting the actual with the virtual: The Internet and social movement theory in the Muslim world—The cases of Iran and Egypt. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 30(4), 555–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2010.533453
Jansen, F. (2010). Digital activism in the Middle East: Mapping issue networks in Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 6(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/19474199.2010.493854
Marta, A., & Agustino, L. (2020). The future of democracy in digital era: Challenges to political life in cyberspace in Indonesia. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education and Humanity (ICoSEEH 2019), 312-315. https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2019/91438/91438.pdf
Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia. (2019). Indeks aktivitas literasi membaca 34 provinsi. http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/13033/1/Puslitjakdikbud_Indeks%20Aktivitas%20Literasi%20Membaca%2034%20Provinsi
Nasution, M. A. R., & Wiranto, S. (2019). Propaganda issues of racism through social media to trigger social violence in Papua and West Papua in 2019. Jurnal Pertahanan, 6(2), 212-224. http://jurnal.idu.ac.id/index.php/DefenseJournal/article/view/857
Ogbondah, C. W. (1999). The dilemma of press freedom in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical analysis of recent state media relationship. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 15, 39-71.
Pertiwi, W. K. (2020, February 20). Penetrasi Internet di Indonesia capai 64 persen. Kompas.Com. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2020/02/20/14090017/penetrasi-internet-di-indonesia-capai-64-persen
Perwitasari, N. H. (2020, August 21). Kronologi asal-usul kericuhan di Sorong, Manokwari, Fakfak, Papua. Tirto.id. https://tirto.id/kronologi-asal-usul-kericuhan-di-sorong-manokwari-fakfak-papua-egHd
Pew Research Center. (2020, February 21). Many experts say digital disruption will hurt democracy. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/02/21/many-tech-experts-say-digital-disruption-will-hurt-democracy/
Pineiro, T., & Martinez, X. (2019). Understanding digital politics - Principles and actions. Vivat Academia Revista de Comunicacion, 23(152), 19-48. https://doi.org/gh4dz9
Roziqi, M. A. (2020). Diplomasi soft power Indonesia dalam Melanesian Spearhead Group terhadap United Liberation Movement for West Papua. Journal of International Relations, 6(2), 189-198. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jihi/article/view/26930
Saepudin, E., Suryadi, K., & Malihah, E. (2018). Deliberative democracy in digital era. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(4), 859-863.
Sekarwati, S. (2018, December 6). Ini negara asing yang dukung kemerdekaan Papua Barat. Tempo.co. https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1152770/ini-negara-asing-yang-dukung-kemerdekaan-papua-barat/full&view=ok
Setu, F. (2019, August 19). Pelambatan akses di beberapa wilayah Papua Barat dan Papua. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia (Kominfo). https://m.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/20787/siaran-pers-no-154hmkominfo082019-tentang-pelambatan-akses-di-beberapa-wilayah-papua-barat-dan-papua/0/siaran_pers
Setu, F. (2020, November 20). Hasil survei indeks literasi digital nasional 2020, akses Internet makin terjangkau. Kominfo. https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/30928/siaran-pers-no-149hmkominfo112020-tentang-hasil-survei-indeks-literasi-digital-nasional-2020-akses-internet-makin-terjangkau/0/siaran_pers
Spires, H. A., & Bartlett, M. E. (2012). Digital literacies and learning: Designing a path forward. North Carolina: Friday Institute for Educational Innovation.
Spires, H. A., Paul, C. M., & Kerkhoff, S. N. (2017). Digital literacy for the 21st Century. In Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D. B. A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology (4th ed., pp. 2235-2242). IGI Global. https://doi.org/gxtz
Titifanue, J., Tarai, J., Kant, R., & Finau, G. (2017). From social networking to activism: The role of social media in the Free West Papua Campaign. Pacific Studies Journal, 39(3), 255-280. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2935731
Treré, E. (2016). The dark side of digital politics: Understanding the algorithmic manufacturing of consent and the hindering of online dissidence. IDS Bulletin: Transforming Development Knowledge, 47(1), 127-138. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2016.111
Tsagarousianou, R. (1999). Electronic democracy: Rhetoric and reality. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research, 24(2), 189–208. https://doi.org/fmckz3
Turner, G. (2018). The media and democracy in the digital era: Is this what we had in mind? Media International Australia, 168(1), 3-14.
Welzel, C., & Ronald, I. (2008). The role of ordinary people in democratization. Journal of Democracy, 19(1), 126-140.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 2289-1528