UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL BY-PRODUCT IN BIOCONVERSION OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Abstract
Palm kernel by-product (PKB) refers to the waste material, mainly solid and fibrous, that remains after the oil has been extracted from the palm fruit kernels. The utilization of PKB in various applications, including bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae has promoted sustainable waste management and resource recovery. Many researchers have begun investigating PKB potential in bioconversion, exploring methods to modify its nutritional composition and assess the bioconversion results. Therefore, this systematic literature review seeks to comprehensively evaluate the potential of PKB in BSF larvae bioconversion, emphasizing its influence on BSF larvae growth performance and providing an in-depth characterization of the biomass. The Reporting Standard for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) framework was employed in this study. The search strategy was developed by identifying key terms derived from the research question and objective resulting in 11 articles published between 2004 and 2024 being systematically reviewed. The findings specify that PKB can be utilized in unmodified and modified forms, with modifications through mixing with other substrates as well as fermentation. Although PKB can be utilized as a substrate for BSF larvae in its unmodified form, researchers have found that modifying the substrate can significantly enhance its nutritional value as well as improve the growth performance of BSF larvae and its biomass. This review indicates that the modified form of PKB holds substantial potential as a feed source for BSF larvae, facilitating the transformation of PKB into nutrient-rich larvae biomass that is high in protein or lipids.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, N. &. Sulaiman, F. 2013. The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. InTech 3: 75-100.
Ahmad, S., Alimon, A.R., Noor., H.M. & Samsudin, A.A. 2014. Improving nutritional values of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) as poultry feeds: A review. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science 17(1): 1-18.
Bajra, B.D., Lubis, M.E.S., Yudanto, B.G., Panjaitan, F.R., Rizki, I.F., Mulyono, M.E. & Kusumah, M.S. 2023. Determination of Black Soldier Fly Larvae performance for oil palmbased waste reduction and biomass conversion. Journal of Environmental Management 343: 118269.
Behera, R.K., Bala, P.K. & Dhir, A. 2019. The emerging role of cognitive computing in healthcare: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Medical Informatics 129: 154-166.
Binsin, C., Ahmad, H. & Hasan, H.A. 2023. Age-Stage, Two-sex life table analysis of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), reared on different organic wastes. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 26: 102108.
Bokau, R.J.M. & Witoko, P. 2017. Optimalization of bioconversion process of palm kernel cake for production maggot Hermetia illucens as a source of animal protein in fish farming. Aquacultura Indonesiana 18 (1): 20-25.
Damanik, N.F., Putra, R.E., Ida, K. & Permana, A.D. 2024. Growth and development performance of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae on fermented Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) substrate. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 31(2): 317–327.
Embrandiri, A., Quaik, S., Rupani, P., Srivastava, V. & Singh, P. 2015. Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes: Opportunities and challenges. Nova Science Publishers 9: 217-232.
Fitriana, E.L., Laconi, E.B. & Jayanegara, A. 2021. Influence of various organic wastes on growth performance and nutrient composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens): A meta-analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 788: 012051.
Gao, Z., Wang, W., Lu, X., Zhu, F., Liu, W., Wang, X. & Lei, C. 2019. Bioconversion performance and life table of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on fermented maize straw. Journal of Cleaner Production 230: 974–980.
Gunggot, E. & Lardizabal, M.L.T. 2024. Assessing the efficiency of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae as bioconversion agent for ground banana peels. Serangga 29(2): 150-159.
Haddaway, N.R., Macura, B., Whaley, P. & Pullin, A.S. 2018. ROSES reporting standards for systematic evidence syntheses: Pro forma, flow-diagram and descriptive summary of the plan and conduct of environmental systematic reviews and systematic maps. Environmental Evidence 7:7.
Hem, S., Toure, S., Sagbla, C. & Legendre, M. 2008. Bioconversion of palm kernel meal for aquaculture: Experiences from the forest region (Republic of Guinea). African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (8):1192–1198.
Julita, U., Suryani, Y., Kinasih, I., Yuliawati, A., Cahyanto, T., Maryeti, Y., Permana, A.D. & Fitr, L.L. 2018. Growth performance and nutritional composition of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on horse and sheep manure. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 187: 012071.
Kinasih, I., Putra, R.E., Gusmara, F.F., Nurhadi, M.Y. & Anitasari, R.A. 2018. Growth performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) fed on some plant based organic wastes. HAYATI Journal of Bioscience 25(2): 79-84.
Klüber, P., Tegtmeier, D., Hurka, S., Pfeiffer, J., Vilcinskas, A., Rühl, M. & Zorn, H. 2022. Diet fermentation leads to microbial adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) larvae reared on palm oil side streams. Sustainability 14(9): 5626.
Kushwah, S., Dhir, A., Sagar, M. & Gupta, B. 2019. Determinants of organic food consumption. A systematic literature review on motives and barriers. Appetite 143: 104402.
Lanjekar, R.R. & Deshmukh, D. 2016. A review of the effect of the composition of biodiesel on nox emission, oxidative stability and cold flow properties. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 1401-1411.
Li, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J., Zhou, S. & Xiong, Q. 2022. Conversion of mixtures of soybean curd residue and kitchen waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). Insects 13(1): 23.
Liew, C.S., Wong, C.Y., Abdelfattah, E.A., Raksasat, R., Rawindran, H., Lim, J.W., Kiatkittipong, W., Kiatkittipong, K., Mohamad, M., Yek, P.N.Y., Satiabudi, H.D, Cheng, C. K. & Lam, S.S. 2022. Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in producing protein and biodiesel. Journal of Fungi 8(4): 332.
Mohamed, W.Z. & Alimon, A.R. 2003. Use of palm kernel cake and oil palm by-products use of palm kernel cake and oil palm by-products in compound feed use of palm kernel cake and oil palm by-products in compound feed. Palm Oil Developments 40: 5-9.
MPOB. 2021. Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 2021. https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/overview/Overview2021.pdf [19 December 2024].
MPOB. 2022. Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 2022. https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/overview/Overview2022.pdf [19 December 2024].
MPOB. 2023. Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 2023. https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/overview/Overview2023.pdf [19 December 2024].
Nayak, A., Rühl, M. & Klüber, P. 2024. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Need, potentiality, and performance measures. Agriculture 14(8): 1-26.
Nugroho, R.A., Aryani, R., Manurung, H., Sari, W.L.R., Sanjaya, A.S., Suprihanto, D. & Prahastika, W. 2022. Proximate and fatty acid profile comparison of Black Soldier Fly Larvae reared on palm kernel meal and cow manure. RA Journal of Applied Research 8(11): 841-846.
Nugroho, R.A., Aryanti, R., Hardi, E.H., Manurung, H., Rudianto, R., Wirawan, N.A., Syalsabillah, N. & Jati, W.N. 2023. Nutritive value, material reduction, biomass conversion rate, and survival of Black Soldier Fly Larvae reared on palm kernel meal supplemented with fish pellets and fructose. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 43: 1243–1254.
Nugroho, R.A., Aryani, R., Hardi, E.H., Manurung, H., Rudianto, R. & Jati, W.N. 2024. Fermented palm kernel waste with different sugars as substrate for Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 10(2): 503–516.
Parveez, G.K.A., Tarmizi, A.H.A., Sundra, S., Loh, S.H., Abdullah, M.O., Palam, K.D.P., Salleh, K.M., Ishak, S.M. & Idris, Z. 2021. Oil palm economic performance in Malaysia and R&D progress in 2020. Journal of Oil Palm Research 33(2): 181-214.
Pullin, A.S. & Stewart, G.B. 2006. Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology 20(6): 1647–1656.
Purnamasari, L. & Khasanah, H. 2022. Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a potential agent of organic waste bioconversion. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 39(2): 69–83.
Putra, R.E., Margareta, A. & Kinasih, I. 2020. The digestibility of banana peel and testa coconut and its effects on the growth and mortality of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) at constant feeding rates. Jurnal Tadris Biologi 11(1): 66 – 77.
Raksasat, R., Kiatkittipong, K. Kiatkittipong, W., Wong, C.Y., Lam, M.K., Ho, Y.C., Oh, W.D., Suryawan, I.W.K. & Lim, J.W. 2021. Blended sewage sludge–palm kernel expeller to enhance the palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for biodiesel production. Processes 9(2): 297.
Rasdi, F.L.M., Ishak, A.R., Hua, P.W., Shaifuddin, S.N.M., Dom, N.C., Kari, Z.A., Yatim, S.R.M., Edinur, H.A., Mokhtar, M.A. & Rashid, R.I.M. 2023. Evaluating the growth and development of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reared on different agricultural waste materials. Serangga 28(1): 55-68.
Sathitkowitchai, W., Nitisinprasert, S. & Keawsompong, S. 2018. Improving palm kernel cake nutrition using enzymatic hydrolysis optimized by Taguchi Method 3. Biotech 8(10): 407.
Saw, H. Y., Janaun, J., Kumaresan, S. & Chu, S.M. 2012. Characterization of the physical properties of palm kernel cake. International Journal of Food Properties 15(3): 536-548.
Shaffril, H.A., Ahmad, N., Samsuddin, S.F., Samah, A.A & Hamdan, M.E. 2020. Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific Region. Journal of Cleaner Production 258: 120595.
Shumo, M., Khamis, F.M., Tanga, C.M., Fiaboe, K.K.M., Subramanian, S., Ekesi, S., Huis, A.V. & Borgemeister, C. 2019. Influence of temperature on selected life-history traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) reared on two common urban organic waste streams in Kenya. Animals 9(3): 79.
Siddiqui, S.A., Harahap, I.A., Osei-Owusu, J., Saikia, T., Wu, Y.S., Fernando, I., Perestrelo, R. & Câmara, J.S. 2024. Bioconversion of organic waste by insects – a comprehensive review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 187: 1-25.
Sundalian, M., Larissa, D. & Suprijana, O. 2021. Contents and utilization of palm oil fruit waste. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 117: 58–80.
Surendra, K.C., Tomberlin, J.K., Huis, A.V., Cammack, J.A., Heckmann, L.H.L. & Khanal, S.K. 2020. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). Waste Management 117: 58–80.
Tambeayuk, M.A., Kamga, M.A. & Taiwo, O.J. 2023. The performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFLs), Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), as a function of the substrate used: A review. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 11(9): 133–152.
van Huis, A. 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology 58: 563–583.
Visvini, L., Latifah, O., Ahmed, O.H. & Kurk, W.J. 2022. Frass production from Black Soldier Fly Larvae reared on palm oil wastes. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 995: 012012.
Widjaja, E. & Utomo, B.N. 2021. Solid palm oil as poultry feed and growth media of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae. E3S Web of Conferences 306: 05018.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.