COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF Melaleuca cajuputi AND Vitex rotundifolia ESSENTIAL OILS ON CELLULASE INHIBITION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION IN Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Abstract
The increasing destruction of palm oil crops by the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, RPW) has prompted the pursuit of environmentally sustainable pest management measures. Essential oils (EOs), recognized for their bioactive characteristics, provide a promising alternative. This study examines the effectiveness of Melaleuca cajuputi (Gelam) and Vitex rotundifolia (Beach Vitex) EOs in inhibiting RPW cellulase activity and altering its immunological response. The cellulase inhibitory action was evaluated using a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) assay, and immune response modulation was examined by haemocyte counts (THC) and differential haemocyte (DHC) classification. The findings show that Gelam EO had significant cellulase inhibition at both 5% and 10% concentrations. Conversely, Beach Vitex EO exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect, showing no effects at 5% and substantial inhibition at 10%. Haemocyte analysis indicated that THC was markedly decreased in both 10% Gelam and Beach Vitex EO treatments relative to controls. Prohemocytes and coagulocytes exhibited a considerable rise in the 10% Gelam EO treatment, whereas plasmatocytes demonstrated a significant decrease, suggesting immunological stress and potential inhibition of essential immune processes. The findings indicate that Gelam EO is a more potent cellulase inhibitor, whereas Beach Vitex EO requires larger dosages to attain similar inhibition levels. Furthermore, EO-induced immunological regulation, especially the inhibition of plasmatocytes, may heighten RPW’s vulnerability to environmental stressors and biological control agents. Incorporating these EOs into an integrated pest management (IPM) framework may provide a sustainable substitute for synthetic pesticides. Future research should investigate advancements in EO formulations and their field applications to optimize stability and efficacy for prolonged pest control.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Al Dawsari, M.M. & Alam, P. 2022. Disruption impact of citronella and menthol insecticides on adults behaviour and haemocytes morphology in the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus “Oliver” (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Science Progress 105(1): 00368504221079437.
Al-Dosary, N.M.N., Al-Dobai, S. & Faleiro, J.R. 2016. Review on the management of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture (EJFA) 28(1): 34-44.
Ali, A.M. & Ibrahim, A.M. 2018. Castor and camphor essential oils alter haemocyte populations and induce biochemical changes in larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 21(2): 631-637.
Antony, B., Johny, J., Aldosari, S.A. & Abdelazim, M.M. 2017. Identification and expression profiling of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes from a destructive pest of palm trees, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Insect Molecular Biology 26(4): 469-484.
Azizul, N.H., Ahmad, W.A.N.W., Rosli, N.L., Azmi, M.A.H.M., Liang, C.E., Mazlan, N.W., & Assaw, S.J.T.M.R. 2021. The coastal medicinal plant Vitex rotundifolia: A mini-review on its bioactive compounds and pharmacological activity. Traditional Medicine Research 6(1): 1-10.
Bergmann, S., Gerhards, P., Schmitz, A., Becker, S.C, & Stern, M. 2021. NO Synthesis in immune-challenged locust haemocytes and potential signalling to the CNS. Insects 12(10): 951.
Castillo, J.C., Robertson, A.E. & Strand, M.R. 2006. Characterization of haemocytes from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36(12): 891-903.
Chintalchere, J.M., Dar, M.A., Raut, K.D. et al. 2021. Bioefficacy of lemongrass and tea tree essential oils against house fly, Musca domestica. Section B of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India 91: 307–318.
Chaudhry, G-e-S., Zafar, M.N., Yeong, Y.S. & Muhammad, T.S.T. 2020. Phytochemistry and biological activity of Vitex rotundifolia L. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13(11): 5534-5538.
Dziedziech, A., Shivankar, S. & Theopold, U. 2020. Drosophila melanogaster responses against entomopathogenic nematodes: Focus on haemolymph clots. Insects 11(1): 62.
Dushay, M.S. 2009. Insect haemolymph clotting. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS 66(16): 2643.
Eleftherianos, I., Heryanto, C., Bassal, T., Zhang, W., Tettamanti, G. & Mohamed, A. 2021. Haemocyte-mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes, and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites. Immunology 164(3): 401-432.
Faleiro, J.R., Ferry, M., Yaseen, T. & Al-Dobai, S. 2019. Overview of the gaps, challenges, and prospects of red palm weevil management. Arab Journal of Plant Protection 37(2): 170-177.
Fergani, Y.A., Elbanna, H.M. & Hamama, H.M. 2020. Genotoxicity of some plant essential oils in cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): The potential role of detoxification enzymes. Egyptian Journal of Zoology 73: 53-66.
Feroz, A. 2020. Efficacy and cytotoxic potential of deltamethrin, essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Cinnamonum camphora and their synergistic combinations against stored product pest, Trogoderma granarium (Everts). Journal of Stored Products Research 87: 101614.
Gadelhak, G.G. 2005. Ultrastructure of haemocytes of the last larval instar of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 50(1): 103.
Ghasemi, V., Moharramipour, S. & Jalali Sendi, J. 2014. Impact of pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide on haemocytes of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Crop Protection 3(4): 449-458.
Ghoneim, K., Bakr, R.F.A. & Hamadah, K. 2021. Disturbing effects of botanicals on the hemogram and immune parameters of insects: Recent progress of the search for effective biopesticides. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, A. Entomology 14(1): 147-193.
Goettel, M.S., Eilenberg, J. & Glare, T. 2005. Entomopathogenic fungi and their role in regulation of insect populations. In Gilbert, L.I. & Gill, S.S. (eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, pp. 361-405. Elsevier.
Harith-Fadzilah, N., Haris-Hussain, M., Abd Ghani, I., Zakaria, A., Amit, S., Zainal, Z., Wahizatul, A.A., Johari, J. & Hassan, M. 2020. Physical and physiological monitoring on red palm weevil-infested oil palms. Insects 11(7): 407.
Hussain, A., Rizwan-ul-Haq, M., Al-Jabr, A.M. & Al-Ayied, H.Y. 2013. Managing invasive populations of red palm weevil: A worldwide perspective. Journal of Food, Agricultural and Environment 11(2): 456-463.
Isah, M., Rosdi, R.A., Abdullah, H., Sul’ain, M.D. & Ishak, W.R.W. 2023. Phytoconstituents and biological activities of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell: A scoping review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 13(1): 10-23.
Isah, M., Zengin, G., Wan Abdul Wahab, W., Abdullah, H., Dasuki Sul’ain, M., Ibrahim Uba, A., Wan Ishak, W.R. & Jamil, S. 2024. Antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, toxicity, and molecular docking analysis of Melaleuca cajuputi leaf extract and fractions. Natural Resources for Human Health 4(1): 89-97.
Ismail, S.M., Hassan, N.A., Wahba, T.F. & Shaker, N. 2022. Chemical composition and bioactivities of Melaleuca alternufolia essential oil and its main constituents against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisaduval, 1833). Bulletin of the National Research Centre 46(1): 157.
Isman, M.B. & Machial, C.M. 2006. Pesticides based on plant essential oils: From traditional practice to commercialization. Advances in Phytomedicine 3: 29-44.
Koul, O., Walia, S. & Dhaliwal, G.S. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopesticides International 4(1): 63-84.
Lavine, M.D. & Strand, M.R. 2002. Insect haemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 32(10): 1295-1309.
Liao, M., Xiao, J.J., Zhou, L.J., Yao, X., Tang, F., Hua, R.M., Wu, X.W. & Cao, H.Q. 2017. Chemical composition, insecticidal and biochemical effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on the Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of Applied Entomology 141(9): 721-728.
Liao, M., Yang, Q., Xiao, J., Huang, Y., Zhou, L., Hua, R. & Cao, H. 2018. Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum. PeerJ 6: e5693.
Li-miao, Y.A.N.G., Hong-le, Y.A.N.G., Li-ying, H.A.O., Huan-huan, D.U. & Rui, H.U. 2024. Study on the effect of microscopic field of view number on cell counting in blood smear. Journal of Hebei Medical University 45(4): 477.
Liu, Q.X., Su, Z.P., Liu, H.H., Lu, S.P., Ma, B., Zhao, Y., Hou., Y.M. & Shi, Z.H. 2021. The effect of gut bacteria on the physiology of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and their potential for the control of this pest. Insects 12(7): 594.
Mady, H.Y., Mohamed, H.A.R., El-Sheikh, T.A.A.H. & Ahmed, M.M. 2023. Evaluation of Origanum majorana’s toxicological effects of haemolymph and some biological aspects of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Entomological Research Society 25(3): 601-614.
Manachini, B., Arizza, V., Parrinello, D. & Parrinello, N. 2011. Haemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 106(3): 360-365.
Mandels, M. & Reese, E.T. 1965. Inhibition of cellulases. Annual review of Phytopathology 3(1): 85-102.
Manjula, P., Lalitha, K., Vengateswari, G., Patil, J., Nathan, S.S. & Shivakumar, M.S. 2020. Effect of Manihot esculenta (Crantz) leaf extracts on antioxidant and immune system of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 23: 101476.
Morin-Poulard, I., Tian, Y., Vanzo, N. & Crozatier, M. 2021. Drosophila as a model to study cellular communication between the hematopoietic niche and blood progenitors under homeostatic conditions and in response to an immune stress. Frontiers in Immunology 12: 719349.
Oaya, C.S., Malgwi, A.M., Degri, M.M. & Samaila, A.E. 2019. Impact of synthetic pesticides utilization on humans and the environment: an overview. Agricultural Science & Technology 11(4): 1313-8820.
Osman, B.M.A., Magdy, M., Elsharabasy, S.F., Rashed, M.A. & Ibrahim, S.A. 2018. Molecular analysis of gut bacterial endosymbionts diversity in red palm weevil larvae, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera; Curculionidae). Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 26(2A): 1213-1222.
Patramurti, C., Amin, R. Nastiti, C.M.R.R. & Hariono, M. 2020. A review on the potency of Melalueca leucadendron leaves solid waste in wood preservation and it’s in silico prediction upon biological activities. International Journal of Forestry Research 2020: 8885259.
Regnault-Roger, C., Vincent, Ch. & Arnason, J.T. 2012. Essential oils in insect control: Low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Annual Review of Entomology 57: 405-424.
Ribeiro, C. & Brehélin, M. 2006. Insect haemocytes: what type of cell is that? Journal of insect physiology 52(5): 417-429.
Sami, A.J. & Shakoori, A.R. 2007. Extracts of plant leaves have inhibitory effect on the cellulase activity of whole-body extracts of insects-A possible recipe for bio-insecticides. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 27: 105-118.
Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G.C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M.R., Ademiluyi, A.O., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S.A. & Iriti, M. 2017. Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules 22(1): 70.
Siddiqui, M.I. & Al-Khalifa, M.S. 2014. Review of haemocyte count, response to chemicals, phagocytosis, encapsulation and metamorphosis in insects. Italian Journal of Zoology 81(1): 2-15.
Singh, S., Mahajan, E. & Sohal, S.K. 2023. Growth inhibitory, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of γ-terpinene on Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Scientific Reports 13(1): 1-15.
Subhagan, S.R., Pathrose, B. & Chellapan, M. 2024. Harnessing immune priming: A double-edged defence mechanism in insects. Physiological Entomology 50(1): 10-27.
Sousa, M.dM., de Lima, R.M.T., de Lima, A., Reis, A.C., Cavalcante, A.A.dC.M., Sattler, J.A.G., de Almeida-Muradian, L.B., Neto, J.dS.L., Moreira-Araujo, R.S.dR. & Nogueira, N.dN. 2021. Antioxidant action and enzyme activity modulation by bioaccessible polyphenols from jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels). Food Chemistry 363: 130353.
Stamogiannou, I., Van Camp, J., Smagghe, G., Van de Walle, D., Dewettinck, K. & Raes, K. 2021. Impact of phenolic compound as activators or inhibitors on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 186: 174-180.
Tawfeek, M.E., Abu-Shall, A.M.H., Gad, A.A. & Mohey, M. 2017. Evaluation of six plant essential oils against three stored product insects and their effects on the hemogram under laboratory conditions. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62(3): 291-301.
Verma, N.S., Kuldeep, D.K., Chouhan, M., Prajapati, R. & Singh, S.K. 2023. A Review on eco-friendly pesticides and their rising importance in sustainable plant protection practices. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35(22): 200-214.
Yan, T.K., Asari, A., Salleh, S.A. & Azmi, W.A. 2021. Eugenol and thymol derivatives as antifeedant agents against red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) larvae. Insects 12(6): 551.
Yan, T.K., Azmi, W.A., Mehamod, F.S., Harun. N.O., Adnan, A. & Zakeri, H.A. 2024. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the essential oils of selected plants and its insecticide activity for sustainable control of red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 19(11): 39-54.
Yap, P.S.X., Yusoff, K., Lim, S.H.E., Chong, C.M. & Lai, K.S. 2021. Membrane disruption properties of essential oils – A double-edged sword? Processe 9(4): 595.
Zakaria, A., Shah, B., Rafie, A., Amit, S., Haris-Hussain, M. & Jalinas, J. 2024. Effectiveness of several insecticides on red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus on coconut palm. Serangga 29(2): 189-199.
Zhang, K. & Zhang, X. 2021. Haemocyte variations in 35 species of grasshoppers and locusts. Science Progress 104(4): 00368504211053551.
Zimmermann, R.C., Poitevin, C.G., Bischoff, A.M., Beger, M., da Luz, T.S., Mazarotto, E.J., Benatto, A., Martins, C.E.N., Sales Maia, B.H.L.N., Sari, R., Rosa, J.M.D., Pimentel, I.C. & Zawadneak, M.A. 2022. Insecticidal and antifungal activities of Melaleuca rhaphiophylla essential oil against insects and seed-borne pathogens in stored products. Industrial Crops and Products 182: 114871.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.