FAHAMAN SYIAH DAN KEHARMONIAN AGAMA ISLAM DI MALAYSIA: PERSPEKTIF PENDEKATAN KESELAMATAN NEGARA ((Shia and The Harmony of Islam in Malaysia: A Perspective From National Security Approach)

Abstract

Ancaman terhadap keselamatan negara hari ini tidak lagi terbatas kepada peperangan semata-mata. Ancaman bukan tradisonal seperti perbalahan mazhab dan konflik agama turut memberi kesan terhadap nilai teras sesebuah negara. Di Malaysia, walaupun fahaman Ahli Sunnah Wal Jemaah diisytiharkan sebagai pegangan rasmi, namun masih terdapat segelintir masyarakat yang berpegang pada fahaman Syiah. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti adakah fahaman Syiah boleh menjadi ancaman terhadap keselamatan negara walaupun pengikutnya tidak ramai. Kajian ini menggunakan metod pendekatan kualitatif berasaskan kepada sumber primer dan sekunder. Data sumber primer adalah berasaskan kepada kaedah temu bual mendalam. Manakala sumber sekunder, berasaskan kepada kaedah kepustakaan dan analisis dokumen. Kajian ini akan melihat kepada pendekatan sekuritisasi dalam konsep keselamatan negara iaitu suatu pelakuan ucapan yang mengandungi unsur ancaman terhadap isu yang dibangkitkan serta mempercayai bahawa objek sasaran berkenaan terancam dan perlu dipertahankan. Dari analisis, fahaman Syiah yang mula menular ke Malaysia selepas Revolusi Iran pada tahun 1979, mendapat tindakan yang tegas dari pihak berkuasa keselamatan seperti Polis Diraja Malaysia dan Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri kerana isu ini telah menimbulkan kegusaran dalam kalangan masyarakat Islam di Malaysia. Walaupun isu ini sensitif dibincangkan kerana ia melibatkan hubungan diplomatik antara kerajaan Malaysia dan Iran, namun kajian mendapati, hubungan kedua negara ini sama sekali tidak terjejas ekoran dari sifat hormat-menghormati. Namun bagi domestik Malaysia, terdapat elemen sekuritisasi yang perlu diperhatikan.

Kata kunci: Keselamatan Negara, Nilai teras, Revolusi Iran tahun 1979, Sekuritisasi, Syiah

(Shia and The Harmony of Islam in Malaysia: A Perspective From National Security Approach)

Threats to national security today are no longer limited to warfare. Non-traditional threats such as sectarian disputes and religious conflicts also affect the core values of a country. In Malaysia, although Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah was declared the official creed, there are still a handful of society members who uphold Shia beliefs. Hence, this study is aimed at identifying whether Shia can be a threat to national security even though its followers are lesser. This study uses a qualitative approach method based on primary and secondary sources. Primary source data is based on in-depth interview methods. Meanwhile, secondary sources are based on literature methods and document analysis. This study will look at the securitization approach of national security concept which refers to speeches act that contain threat elements against the issue raised and believes that the object reference is threatened and needs to be defended. From such analysis, Shia beliefs that spread to Malaysia after the Iranian Revolution 1979, faced stern actions from security authorities such as the Royal Malaysian Police and the State Islamic Religious Department as this issue caused strong resentment among the Muslim communities in Malaysia. Despite being a sensitive issue to be discussed as it involved diplomatic ties between the Malaysian and Iranian governments, the study found that the relations between both countries were unaffected due to mutual respect. However, for Malaysia, there are elements of securitization that need to be addressed.

Keywords: National Security, Core values, 1979 Iranian Revolution, Securitization, Shia