Kajian ini bertujuan meneroka pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang risiko jangkitan HIV/AIDS, faktor keterlibatan dalam hubungan romantik dan ketertarikan seks sesama jantina. Masih kurang kajian yang memberi tumpuan kepada amalan hubungan romantik dan ketertarikan seks sesama jantina serta kesedaran mahasiswa tentang HIV/AIDS impak daripada tingkah laku seks berisiko ini. Banyak kajian terdahulu lebih menumpu kepada faktor keterlibatan dalam hubungan romantik dan ketertarikan seks sesama jantina tanpa mengaitkannya dengan kesedaran mahasiswa gay terhadap jangkitan HIV. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kajian kes dan direkabentuk bersesuaian kaedah kajian kualitatif. Seramai empat informan dalam kalangan mahasiswa Institusi Pengajian Tinggi di Malaysia yang membuat pengakuan identiti gay telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Pemilihan informan adalah menggunakan teknik Persampelan Snow Ball. Pengumpulan data telah dijalankan secara atas talian dengan menggunakan medium Google Meet. Semua informan ditemubual dalam talian secara konferen video. Data temu bual dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat empat faktor risiko keterlibatan mahasiswa dalam hubungan romantik dan tingkah laku seksual sesama jantina iaitu (i) pengalaman menjadi mangsa gangguan seksual semasa kecil, (ii) faktor naluri semulajadi, (iii) pengaruh rakan/komuniti berisiko gay dan (iv) pengaruh negatif daripada media sosial dan internet. Informan juga mempunyai pengetahuan asas tentang risiko jangkitan HIV. Walau bagaimanapun, kesemua informan percaya tingkah laku mereka mempunyai risiko rendah dan tidak mudah untuk dijangkiti HIV. Salah faham tentang risiko jangkitan HIV bagi seks tidak selamat dan seks luar tabi’ dipercayai mendorong amalan hubungan seks sesama jantina dilakukan tanpa rasa takut dan menurunnya keprihatinan kepada seks selamat dalam kalangan mahasiswa gay. Kajian mencadangkan salah faham tentang risiko jangkitan HIV sebagai faktor baharu penyebab amalan seks sesama jantina yang berterusan dalam kalangan informan yang dikaji. Intervensi perlu dibentuk bersesuaian faktor risiko hubungan romantik dan tingkah laku seksual sesama jantina agar ia dapat dibendung daripada menular dalam kalangan mahasiswa gay.

Kata kunci: pengetahuan HIV/AIDS, hubungan romantik sesama jantina, ketertarikan seks sesama jantina, faktor risiko keterlibatan, mahasiswa Gay.

Abstract: This study aims to explore the knowledge of HIV/AIDS infection risk and the factors that contribute to same-sex romantic relationship involvement and same-sex sexual attractions among university students. Less studies have been done focusing on same-sex romantic relationships and same-sex sexual attraction among self-identified gay university students and their awareness of the HIV/AIDS impact due to risky sexual behaviour. Many previous studies were found to focus only on gay students' romantic relationships and samesex sexual attraction involvement factors without relating these factors with their awareness of HIV infection. This study uses a case study approach and is designed following qualitative research methods. Four students who self-identified as gay were selected as informants. Snow Ball Sampling is used as the informants’ selection technique. Data collection was conducted online using the Google Meet platform. All informants were interviewed online via video conference. The thematic analysis has been used to analyse the interview data. The study analysis demonstrated four risk factors conduce to a same-sex romantic relationship and samesex sexual behaviours among gay students: (i) sexual abuse experienced during childhood; (ii) same-sex sexual attraction as an instinct factor; (iii) gay friends/community influenced and (iv) internet and social media negative influence. All informants are identified to have basic HIV risk infection knowledge. However, those in a same-sex relationship believe same-sex romantic relationships and same-sex sexual practices have a low risk of HIV infection. The misunderstanding of HIV infection in same-sex sexual practices and unsafe sex is believed to contribute to a consistent no fear of same-sex sexual practices and less concern towards safe sex among gay students. This study suggests a misunderstanding of HIV infection as the new factor contributing to continuous same-sex sexual practices among studied informants. Intervention needs to be developed tailored to the same-sex romantic relationship and same-sex sexual attraction risk factors to curb the spread among gay students.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS knowledge, same-sex romantic relationships, same-sex sexual attraction, risk factors involvement, Gay students.

References

Abdullah, F., & Akhir, N. M. (2019b). LGBT dalam kalangan mahasiswa di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 3(4), 1–11. http://spaj.ukm.my/jws/index.php/jws/article/download/286/232

Abdullah, S. (2018). Aktiviti negatif lgbt boleh bawa kemusnahan negara. http://suhazeli.com/wp/aktiviti-negatif-lgbt-boleh-bawa-kemusnahan-negara

Akhir, N. M., Abdullah, F. & Kamaluddin, M. R. (2019). Faktor pengaruh mahasiswa terlibat dalam lgbt di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam di Lembah Klang. International Journal of Academic Research. 6(2): 50-62.

Bakar, Z. R. A. (2021, Mac 7). Kedudukan lgbt di Malaysia. Sinar Harian. https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/127256/KOLUMNIS/Kedudukan-LGBT-di-Malaysia

Bauermeister, J. A., Leslie-Santana, M., Johns, M. M., Pingel, E., & Eisenberg, A. (2011). Mr. Right and Mr. Right now: Romantic and casual partner-seeking online among young men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 15(2), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9834-5

Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205

Blair, K. L. & Holmberg, D. (2016). Dynamics of perceived social network support for same-sex versus mixed-sex relationships. Personal Relationships, 23 (1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12107

Blair, K. L., & Holmberg, D. (2008). Perceived social network support and well-being in same-sex versus mixed-sex romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(5), 769–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508096695

Darmayanti. Y, D., & Sumitri, S. (2018). Faktor penyebab perilaku laki-laki suka berhubungan seks denganlaki-laki (LSL) di Kota Bukit Tinggi Tahun 2016. Jurnal Endurance, 3(2), 213.https://doi.org/10.22216/jen.v3i2.2784

Deraman, S., Hamjah, S. H., Mokhtar, A. I., Asikin, A. N. A., & Raffar, I.N.A.Z. (2018). Identifikasi identiti biseksual dan hubungannya dengan aspek sokongan sosial dan kesihatan mental dalam kalangan individu biseksual di Melaka. Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 9(2), 113-130. https://spaj.ukm.my/jalhikmah/index.php/

Dermawan, A. (2018). Bilangan gay, transgender semakin meningkat. Berita Harian Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/10/491972

Dermawan, A. (2018, Oktober 29). Bilangan gay, transgender semakin meningkat: JAKIM. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/

Dewi, G.A.Y., & Indrawati, E. S. (2017). Pengalaman menjadi gay (Studi fenomenologi pada pria homoseksual menuju coming out). Jurnal Empati. 7(3), 116-126. https://ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/empati/article/view/17826

Dwilaksono, W. & Rahardjo, W. (2013). Kontrol diri dan perilaku seksual permisif pada gay. Proceeding PESAT (Psikologi, Ekonomi, Sastra, Arsitektur & Teknik Sipil), 5, 108-115. https://portal.issn.org/resource/.

Ghazali, S., Mapjabil, J. & Nor, A. M. (2011). Infrastruktur komuniti dan hubungannya dengan golongan transeksual di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam Malaysia. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 18, 77-95.

Goedel, W. C., & Duncan, D. T. (2015). Geosocial-networking app usage patterns of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: Survey among users of grindr, a mobile dating app. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 1(1), e4. https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4353

Grosskopf, N. A., LeVasseur, M. T., & Glaser, D. B. (2014). Use of the internet and mobile-based “apps” for sex-seeking among men who have sex with men in New York City. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8(6), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988314527311

Harper, G. W., Bruce, D., Serrano, P., & Jamil, O. B. (2009). The role of the Internet in the sexual identity development of gay and bisexual male adolescents. In P. L. Hammack & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), The story of sexual identity: Narrative perspectives on the gay and lesbian life course (pp. 297–326). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326789.003.0013

Harper, G. W., Serrano, P.A. , Bruce, D. & Bauermeister, J. A. (2016). The internet's multiple roles in facilitating the sexual orientation identity development of gay and bisexual male adolescents. American Journal of Men’s Health, 10(5), 359-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988314566227

Irawan, H. (2016). Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi menjadi gay di Kota Samarinda. Journal Sosiatri-Sosiologi, 4(3), 235-248.

Khir, A. M. & Rafsanjani, C. W. H. (2018). Faktor keterlibatan belia dalam isu gay di Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 145-159. https://iyres.gov.my/images/MJYS/2018/

Kubicek, K., Carpineto, J., McDavitt, B., Weiss, G., & Kipke, M. D. (2011). Use and perceptions of the internet for sexual information and partners: A study of young men who have sex with men. Archives of sexual behavior, 40(4), 803–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9666-4

Laksana, A. S. & Lestari, D. D. (2010). Faktor-faktor risiko penularan HIV/AIDS pada laki-laki dengan orientasi seks heteroseksual dan homoseksual di Purwokerto. Mandala of Health, 4(2), 113 – 123.

Martin-Storey, A., & Crosnoe, R. (2012). Sexual minority status, peer harassment, and adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.006

Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M. L., & Korchmaros, J. D. (2014). Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.008

Suwarti. (2010). Pengaruh kontrol diri terhadap perilaku seksual remaja ditinjau dari jenis kelamin pada siswa SMA di Purwokerto. Jurnal Sainteks, 6(2), 37-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/brpkm.v1i2.29062

Tan, T. (2018). The reality of Malaysia’s laws on homosexuality. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/09/04/

UNAIDS (2015). UNAIDS terminology guidelines. Switzerland: UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2015

UNAIDS (2020). Seizing the moment: tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics – global AIDS update. Geneva: UNAIDS. https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/

UNAIDS (2021). HIV and gay men and other men who have sex with men. Human Rights Fact Sheet Series 2021: UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/

UNAIDS (2022). In danger: UNAIDS global AIDS update 2022. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.aidsdatahub.org/resource/

Wagenaar, B.H., Sullivan, P.S. & Stephenson, R. (2012). HIV knowledge and associated factors among internet-using men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa and the United States. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e32915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032915

Zhang, A., Reynolds, N.R., Huang, C., Tan, S., Yang, G., & Yan, J. (2022). The process of contemporary gay identity development in China: The influence of internet use. Front. Public Health, 10, 954674. https://doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.954674

Zhou, Y., Ding, Y., Gu, K., Lu, X., Gao, M., & He, N. (2014). Motivations for sexual risk behaviors among older men in Shanghai, China: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-802