Selama bertahun-tahun, ahli arkeologi telah bergantung pada peta dan analisis ruangan untuk memahami taburan artifak dan ciri di seluruh tapak arkeologi secara visualisasi. Walau bagaimanapun, pengenalan foto udara, penderiaan jauh digital, sistem maklumat geografi (GIS) dan sistem keletakan global (GPS) telah menyediakan ahli arkeologi dengan alat canggih untuk menganalisis dan menggambarkan taburan dan data arkeologi dengan cara yang inovatif. Oleh yang demikian, analisis geospatial telah mendapat pengiktirafan yang penting sebagai salah satu alat untuk membantu ahli arkeologi. Dengan menyepadukan foto udara, penderiaan jauh, GIS dan GPS ke dalam penyelidikan mereka, ahli arkeologi kini dapat menganalisis kuantiti data yang besar dalam masa yang sama memahami peranan ruangan. Ini telah membolehkan mereka memperoleh pandangan baru tentang taburan dan corak ciri arkeologi tersebut. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor kesukaran dalam proses memodelkan sebuah tapak arkeologi menerusi pendekatan geospatial. Antara faktor kepelbagaian yang menimbulkan kesukaran dalam proses memodelkan tapak arkeologi adalah tapak arkeologi, persekitaran, tingkah laku atau kelakukan dan faktor teknikal. Dengan kemajuan teknologi, pendekatan geospatial merupakan kaedah terbaik untuk penyelidikan arkeologi manakala ahli arkeologi perlu berhati-hati dan menimbang faedah dan cabaran yang berkaitan dengan analisis geospatial, memastikan kaedah ini digunakan secara berhemah dan beretika.

Kata kunci: Arkeologi; foto udara; penderiaan jauh digital; Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS); Sistem Keletakan Global (GPS)

Abstract: Over the years, archaeologists have relied on maps and spatial analysis to visually understand the distribution of artifacts and features across archaeological sites. However, introducing aerial photography, digital remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and global positioning systems (GPS) has provided archaeologists with sophisticated tools to analyze and depict archaeological distribution and data innovatively. Consequently, geospatial analysis has gained significant recognition as a tool to assist archaeologists. By integrating aerial photos, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS into their research, archaeologists can now analyze large quantities of data while understanding the spatial aspects simultaneously. This has enabled them to gain new insights into the distribution and patterns of archaeological features. This article examines the difficulty factors in modeling an archaeological site through geospatial approaches. Among the diverse factors that pose challenges in modeling archaeological sites are the archaeological site itself, the environment, behavior or conduct, and technical factors. With technological advancements, geospatial approaches represent the best method for archaeological investigations. At the same time, archaeologists must be cautious and weigh the benefits and challenges of geospatial analysis, ensuring that this method is used judiciously and ethically.

Keywords: Archaeology; aerial photography; digital remote sensing; Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

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