Technology startups in Indonesia have experienced rapid growth in recent years, reflecting a broader global trend in which startups have become central drivers of innovation and economic development. This study explores the critical role of government support in shaping and developing startup ecosystems, focusing on two emerging innovation hubs in Indonesia: Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Drawing from qualitative data, including interviews, field observations, and document analysis, the research examines how government initiatives, public policies, and multi-stakeholder collaboration contribute to the growth of local startups and creative enterprises. The study highlights key strategies such as government support, incubation programs, and infrastructure development that foster a supportive environment for entrepreneurial activity, based on the frameworks of governance and institutional theory. The findings indicate that while government involvement is essential, sustainable ecosystem development requires synergistic partnerships among government, universities, the private sector, and civil society, reflecting the principles of the Triple Helix model. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on innovation governance and offers policy insights relevant to other developing regions seeking to strengthen their startup ecosystems.

Abdillah, N. (2019). Analisis pengaruh faktor adopsi Scrum pada startup digital. Jurnal Teknomatika, 12(1), 67–74.

Aditif. (2021). Kajian lanskap industri digital kreatif D.I Yogyakarta tahun 2021. Kantor Perwakilan Bank Indonesia D.I Yogyakarta dan Asosiasi Industri Digital Kreatif (ADITIF). https://aditif.id/download/

Andriyati, L., & Zulaikha, E. (2023). Strategi pengembangan startup digital di Pontianak dengan pendekatan design thinking. E-Bisnis: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 16(2), 288–298.

Anggara, S. (2023). Exploring the effectiveness of Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka policy in Indonesian higher education institutions: An in-depth case study analysis. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 1563–1570.

Balik, Z. S., Demirci, A. G., & Dik, E. (2019). Be a startup or be a failure: New solution for unemployment. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 8(1), 149–158.

Bappeda Surakarta. (2021). Kajian pemetaan technopreneur di Kota Surakarta. Bappeda Surakarta.

Bernardus, D., Arisa, M. R. F., Sufa, S. A., & Suparwata, D. O. (2024). Supporting start-ups in Indonesia: Examining government policies, incubator business, and sustainable structure for entrepreneurial ecosystems and capital. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 5(1), 236–259.

BPS Kota Surakarta. (2023). Kota Surakarta dalam angka 2023. BPS Kota Surakarta.

Chayo, E. D., Febriandika, N. R., Aji, N. P., & Ramadhan, M. H. (2022). Wirausaha Merdeka: Pemberdayaan mahasiswa melalui program Wirausaha Merdeka di Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Abdi Psikonomi, 3(4), 222–229.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.

Daniarko, R. M., & Nurhadi. (2024). Inovasi dan kolaborasi: Peran SMEs and start-up incubator project officer dalam peningkatan daya saing bisnis di Solo Technopark. Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(1), 1–12.

Darmawan, A. (2019). Meningkatkan peran inkubator bisnis sebagai katalis penciptaan wirausaha di Asia Pasifik: Tinjauan ekonomi makro. Equity: Jurnal Ekonomi, 7(1), 1–12.

Darmawan, A. B., Hakim, A. I., & Sari, Y. A. (2020). “Perjuangan dalam ketidakpastian”: Studi etnografi usaha bisnis rintisan/start-up oleh anak muda di DI Yogyakarta. Jurnal Studi Pemuda, 9(1), 53–66.

Destiana, R. Y. N. (2019). Peran pemerintah dalam perkembangan startup teknologi e-commerce di Surabaya: Studi kasus startup Alidien [Tesis Master, Universitas Airlangga].

DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.

Ehigiamusoe, K. U., Lee, C. C., & Lean, H. H. (2025). Analysis of the economic and environmental imperatives of the service sector: The role of government in promoting sustainable development. Journal of Environmental Management, 376, 124470.

Etzkowitz, H. (2002). Incubation of incubators: Innovation as a triple helix of university–industry–government networks. Science and Public Policy, 29(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154302781781056

Etzkowitz, H. (2008). The triple helix: University–industry–government innovation in action. Routledge.

Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (1996). The future location of research: A triple helix of university–industry–government relations II. EAAST Review, 15(4), 20–25.

Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and “Mode 2” to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123.

Hakim, A. I., & Sukimi, M. F. (2022). Dinamika syarikat startup dalam konteks new normal di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(2), e001292.

Hakim, A. I., Sukimi, M. F., & Ab Rahman, A. H. (2024). Exploring the role of business incubators to sustainable startups: A systematic literature review. PaperASIA, 40(5b), 307–320.

Hamzah, A. (2010). Kaedah kualitatif dalam penyelidikan sosiobudaya. Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia, 6(1), 1–10.

Hartley, J. (2004). What is a case study. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (p. 323). Sage.

Husnayain, I., & Mawardi, M. K. (2018). Implementasi lean canvas pada startup dalam menghadapi persaingan. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 55(2), 30–38.

Indozone. (2019). Gerakan menciptakan 1000 startup digital di Indonesia. https://www.indozone.id/news/M7sE63/gerakan-menciptakan-1-000-startup-digital-di-indonesia

Karina, D., Sa’diyah, S. A., Nabilah, H., & Panorama, M. (2022). Pengaruh perusahaan startup terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19. Berajah Journal, 2(1), 156–166.

Kharisma, D. B. (2021). Membangun kerangka pengaturan startup di Indonesia. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 10(3), 431–445.

Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governance: New government–society interactions. Sage.

Makmu, G. (2023). Bisnis startup: Fenomena, problematika, dan analisis perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. Iqtishaduna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah, 128–141.

Manupraba, W. (2016). Pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah terhadap startup di Indonesia [Tesis Master, Universitas Gadjah Mada].

Marsaoli, R., & Kusumasari, B. (2022). Understanding entrepreneurship policy program in Indonesia: An analysis at micro and macro level. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship (IJBE), 8(2), 169–169.

Mishra, S., Bhargava, J., Singh, S., Singh, N., Kumari, R., & Amin, R. (2024). A study on the influence of government, financial and incubation support on the success of startups in IT cities of India. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 12(2), 417–428.

Noventri, I. M., Pakpahan, J. P., Pane, J. W., & Hutabarat, L. (2021). Peran kewirausahaan berbasis digital dalam mengurangi tingkat pengangguran. Journal of Millennial Community, 3(2), 68–74.

Nugraha, A. E. P., & Wahyuhastuti, N. (2017). Start up digital business: Sebagai solusi penggerak wirausaha muda. Jurnal Nusantara Aplikasi Manajemen Bisnis, 2(1), 1–9.

Othman, Z. (2025). Social capital in a diverse Malaysia: Enhancing bonding, bridging, and linking for greater social cohesion. e-BANGI Journal, 22(1), 251–261.

Permadi, D. (2017). Menyongsong kewirausahaan digital Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press.

Pierre, J., & Peters, B. G. (2000). Governance, politics and the state. Macmillan.

Purbasari, R., Wijaya, C., & Rahayu, N. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystem and regional competitive advantage: A case study on the creative economy of Indonesia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(6), 92–110.

Ramli, F. A., & Abd Wahid, N. H. (2021). Perception of vocational colleges academic staffs on the importance and readiness to collaborate with industry. e-BANGI, 18(7), 191–206.

Ranga, M., & Etzkowitz, H. (2013). Triple helix systems: An analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the knowledge society. Industry and Higher Education, 27(3), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0165

Riyanto, F., & Jamaaluddin, J. (2018). Peran pengusaha startup dalam rangka memajukan perekonomian bangsa. 3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC), 1–4.

Rukmana, A. Y., Barliana, M. S., Widiaty, I., Hamdani, A., Abdullah, A. G., Harto, B., ... & Harnani, N. (2024). Systematic literature review on opportunities and challenges of vocational education business incubators in Indonesia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(5), 1–24.

Sagar, M. S., Srivastava, S., Kumar, R., & Saxena, A. (2025, February). The evolution of industry 5.0: Harnessing artificial intelligence and communication technology. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3224(1). AIP Publishing.

Scaruffi, P. (2016). A history of Silicon Valley, 1900–2014. Createspace.

Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and organizations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Setiyawan, A., & Pangestu, I. A. (2019). Comparative study on development policies of startup business in Indonesia and Singapore. First International Conference on Administration Science (ICAS 2019), 345–350. Atlantis Press.

Sumengkar, A., Kasali, R., Sudhartio, L., Hari, W. S., & Ahamat, A. (2023). Indonesia SMEs’ internationalization performance: The roles of institutional context and dynamic capabilities. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 26(2), 1–12.

Sodikin, M., & Rohman, F. (2025). Small group discussion learning method to increase student learning interest in fiqh learning at MI Islamiyah Banjar Rejo. Jurnal Profesi Guru Indonesia, 2(1), 95–106.

Sopjani, X. (2019). Challenges and opportunities for startup innovation and entrepreneurship as tools towards a knowledge-based economy: The case of Kosovo [M.Sc. Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology].

Suranto, S., & Rahmawati, R. (2013). Developing the entrepreneurship incubator model to increase students’ independence of entrepreneurship mentality. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business (JIEB), 28(2), 226–239.

Trihananto, R. N., Winarno, B., Supriyanto, A. E., Rohmah, S. N., & Akbarsyah, M. A. (2024). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penanaman modal di Kota Surakarta. Jurnal Bengawan Solo, 3(2), 162–184.

Utoyo, I. (2016). Silicon Valley mindset: Membangun ekosistem startup digital Indonesia. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Wahyudi, S., Sukresna, I. M., & Simatupang, R. A. (2022). Unlocking potential social value creation to improve digital startup performance: The role of government institutional support and social entrepreneurship. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.46585/sp30011397

Wajdi, F., Mangifera, L., & Isa, M. (2021). Strategi penguatan inkubator bisnis dalam pengembangan usaha kecil dan menengah. Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing, 22(2), 101–107.

Yuana, S. L., Azizah, N., & Apriliyanti, I. D. (2016). Komparasi efektivitas dan model governance inkubator bisnis digital antara pengelola pemerintah, BUMN, swasta, komunitas, dan universitas. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (JSP), 20(2), 123–134.

Yuliana, E., Putro, U. S., Hermawan, P., & Ghina, A. (2024). Service-dominant logic perspective on technology-based business incubator. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2320996.

Yustika, Y., Kurnia, D., & Yusuf, I. (2025). Efektivitas inkubator bisnis dalam menciptakan wirausaha pada Gerakan Nasional 1000 Startup Digital di Provinsi Jawa Barat. JUMMA’45: Jurnal Mahasiswa Manajemen dan Akuntansi, 4(2), 766–780. https://doi.org/10.30640/jumma45.v4i2.5137