Pemerkasaan Pendidikan Golongan Dewasa di Sarawak, 1946 hingga 1970 (Empowerment of Adult Education in Sarawak, 1946 to 1970)
Abstract
Pendidikan penting dalam usaha meningkatkan tahap literasi dan kemahiran asas dalam kalangan masyarakat tempatan di Sarawak. Kajian ini meneliti usaha-usaha memperkasakan pendidikan golongan dewasa di Sarawak dalam tempoh pasca-Perang Dunia Kedua hingga tahun 1970. Dalam tempoh ini, perubahan signifikan berlaku dalam landskap sosial dan pentadbiran Sarawak terutamanya selepas peralihan kuasa pemerintahan kepada kolonial British pada tahun 1946. Pendidikan golongan dewasa dianggap sebagai mekanisme penting untuk mengatasi masalah buta huruf, memperkukuh pembangunan masyarakat dan memberikan peluang kedua kepada mereka yang terpinggir daripada sistem pendidikan formal. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen-dokumen seperti laporan tahunan dari Jabatan Pendidikan Sarawak dan bahan-bahan arkib berkaitan dengan program literasi dan kelas malam yang dijalankan oleh kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pelaksanaan kelas dewasa, kursus vokasional dan program literasi telah memberikan kesan positif terhadap peningkatan taraf hidup, peningkatan kesedaran sivik dan penglibatan masyarakat dalam aktiviti kemasyarakatan. Sungguhpun, berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran seperti kekurangan guru dan infrastruktur pendidikan, tetapi usaha ini tetap menjadi asas penting dalam membina modal insan dan memperkuat jaringan sosial di Sarawak. Implikasi ini selaras dengan SDG 4 yang menekankan akses kepada pendidikan berkualiti sepanjang hayat, SDG 10 yang menyasarkan pengurangan ketidaksamarataan melalui peluasan peluang pembelajaran kepada golongan terpinggir serta SDG 8 yang menggariskan kepentingan peningkatan kemahiran bagi penyertaan ekonomi yang lebih produktif. Jelas bahawa pendidikan golongan dewasa bukan sekadar bersifat pembelajaran asas malah berperanan sebagai alat transformasi sosial dalam masyarakat kolonial dan pascakolonial.
Abstract: Education is important in efforts to enhance the level of literacy and basic skills among the local community in Sarawak. This study examines efforts to empower adult education in Sarawak from the post-World War II period until 1970. During this time, significant changes occurred in Sarawak's social and administrative landscape, particularly after the transfer of governance to British colonial rule in 1946. Adult education was regarded as a crucial mechanism to address the issue of illiteracy, strengthen community development, and provide a second chance for those who had been marginalized from the formal education system. This study employs a qualitative approach through the analysis of documents such as annual reports from the Sarawak Education Department and relevant archival materials related to literacy programs and night classes conducted by the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The findings indicate that the implementation of adult classes, vocational courses, and literacy programs had a positive impact on improving living standards, raising civic awareness, and increasing community involvement in social activities. Although faced with various challenges, such as a shortage of teachers and educational infrastructure, these efforts nonetheless formed an essential foundation for building human capital and strengthening social networks in Sarawak. These implications align with SDG 4, which emphasises access to quality lifelong education; SDG 10, which targets the reduction of inequalities through the expansion of learning opportunities for marginalised groups; and SDG 8, which underscores the importance of skills enhancement for more productive economic participation. It is evident that adult education not only served as a means of basic learning but also functioned as a tool for social transformation in both colonial and post-colonial society.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2026.2301.34
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