DIVERSITY OF MOSQUITO SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN THE RESIDENTIAL AREA AND RICE FIELD OF KAMPUNG REMBUS, SAMARAHAN DIVISION, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA
Abstract
The information on the distribution and occurrence of mosquito species is crucial for anticipating the prevalence of mosquito borne diseases. The surveillance data of mosquitoes for Sarawak continues up to recently. Anthropogenic activities provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. For example, a flooded wetland rice field created an artificial aquatic habitat for mosquitoes. In Sarawak, Malaysia no data is available on the occurrence of mosquito species in wetland rice fields so far. The objective of this study was to document the diversity of mosquitoes in the rice field and residential area of Kampung Rembus, Sarawak, Malaysia during the early stages of the rice planting season. Ten plastic containers containing one litre of rainwater were placed permanently in the residential area and rice field, respectively. All mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from every plastic container once a week and identified. The water temperature, ambient temperature and relative humidity were monitored during the study. A total of four BG-Sentinel trap baited with BG-Lure were also set in the residential area and rice field. The trapped adult mosquitoes were identified and counted. Eight mosquito species from six genera were recorded in the present study namely Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex fuscocephala, Culex pseudovishnui, Coquillettidia sp., Uranotaenia maxima, Toxorhynchites indicus and Lutzia fuscanus. A total of 4,756 individuals were encountered in residential areas and 1,390 individuals from rice field. The highest number of mosquito species collected was Ae. albopictus with 4,515 individuals at the study sites. The two mosquito species with the lowest number of individuals were Cx pseudovishnui and Coquillettidia sp. with only one individual collected during a three-month study. Aedes albopictus, Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx fuscocephala and Cx pseudovishnui are recorded for the first time in the rice field of Sarawak. Aedes albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus showed a weak correlation with ambient temperature and relative humidity. However, both species demonstrated a strong correlation with water temperature. Our findings are the first report for the study area and for the rice field of Sarawak. There were mosquito species which are vectors of mosquito borne diseases. To prevent the spread of mosquito borne diseases among residents in Kampung Rembus, it is crucial to continuously monitor and manage mosquito breeding sites.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abagli, A.Z. & Alavo, T.B.C. 2019. Biocontrol of Culex quinquefasciatus using the insect parasitic nematode, Romanomermis iyengari (Nematoda: Mermithidae). Tropical Biomedicine 36(4): 1003-1013.
Ahmad, R., Ismail, A., Saat, Z. & Lee, H.L. 1997. Detection of dengue virus from field Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus adults and larvae. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 28(1): 138-142.
Ali, R., Azmi, R.A., Ahmad, N.W., Hadi, A.A., Muhamed, K.A., Rasli, R., Ling, C.Y., Chua, H., Wan, K.L. & Lee, H.L. 2020. Entomological surveillance associated with human Zika cases in Miri Sarawak, Malaysia. The American Society of Tropical medicines and Hygiene 102(5): 964-970.
Amarasinghe, L.D. & Weerakkodi, W.G.I.S. 2014. Density and diversity of mosquito larvae associated with rice field and marshland habitats in two climatically different areas in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Entomological Research 02(02): 59-71.
Astuti, R.R.U.N.W., Poerwanto, S.H., Handayani, N.S.N. & Hadisusanto, S. 2016. Abundance and periodicity of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) as early indicator of filariasis transmission in Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 1744(020045): 1-6.
Awang, M.F., Rogie, A.M., Hussain, H. & Dom, N.C. 2019. Effect of temperature on the embryronic development of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15(2): 178-181.
Bram, R.A. 1967. Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia II. The genus Culex
in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Smithsonian Institution Washington 2: 1-296.
Chan, K., Konan, K.A.C., Doudou, D.T., Kouadio, G.B., Lines, J., Aunger, R., N’Guessan, R. & Tusting, L.S. 2023. Rice farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards mosquitoes in irrigation schemes in Cote D’loire: A qualitative study. Malaria Journal 22(1): 352-366.
Chen, C.D., Lee, H.L., Stella-Wong, S.P., Lau, K.W. & Safian Azirun, M. 2009. Container survey of mosquito breeding sites in a university campus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Dengue Bulletin 33: 187-193.
Ciota, A.T., Matacchiero, A.C., Kilpatrick, A.M. & Kramer, L.D. 2014. The effect of temperature on life history traits of Culex mosquitoes. The Journal of Medical Entomology 51: 55-62.
Dahiru, T. 2008. P-value, a true test of statistical significance? A cautionary note. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine 6: 21-26.
Evenhuis, N.L. & Steffan, W.A. 1986. Classification of the subgenus Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) II. Journal of Medical Entomology 23(5): 538-574.
Farjana, T., Hammed, M.S., Khanom, T.F., Alam, N. & Begum, N. 2015. Surveillance of mosquitoes larva at selected areas of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13(1): 79-88.
Huang, Y.J.S., Harbin, J.N., Hettenbach, S.M., Maki, E., Cohnstaedt, L.W., Barrett, A.D.T., Higgs, S. & Vanlandingham, L. 2015. Susceptibility of a North American Culex quinquefasciatus to Japanese Encephalitis virus. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15(11): 709-711.
Jemal, Y. & Al-Thukair, A.A. 2018. Combining GIS application and climatic factors for mosquito control in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25: 1593-1602.
Kumar, K., Arshad, S.S., Selvarajah, G.T., Abu, J., Ooi P.T., Abba, Y., Yasmin, A.R., Bande, F., Sharma, R. & Ong, B.L. 2018. Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline. Acta Tropica 185: 219-229.
Lau, K.W., Chen, C.D., Lee, H.L., Low, V.L., Moh, H.H. & Sofian-Azirun, M. 2017. Ovitrap surveillance in Sarawak, Malaysia: A comprehensive study. Tropical Biomedicine 34(4): 795-803.
Leong, C.H., Azirun, M.S. & Chen, C.D. 2011. Distribution and abundance of medically important mosquitoes obtained from paddy field in Sekinchan, Selangor, Malaysia. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 10th International Annual Symposium, pp. 11-13.
Map Quest, 2019. Map Quest.
https://www.mapquest.com/malaysia/kota- samarahan-364804597 [5 August 2020]
Maquart, P.O., Chann, L. & Boyer, S. 2022. Culex vishnui (Diptera: Culicidae): An overlooked vector of arboviruses in South-East Asia. Journal of Medical Entomology 20(20): 1-10.
Miyagi, I., Okazawa, T., Toma, T., Higa, Y. & Leh, M.U. 2009. Culicidae and Corethrellidae (Diptera) collected in Sarawak, Malaysia from 2005 to 2008. Sarawak Museum Journal 87: 313-331.
Mogi, M. 2000. Phytotelmata: Cryptic Mosquito Habitats. Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne Disease. Kuala Lumpur: Academy of Science Malaysia
Mogi, M., Memah, V., Miyagi, I., Toma, T., Sembel, D.T. 1995. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and predator abundance in irrigated and rain-fed rice fields in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Medical Entomology 32(3): 361-367.
Mogi, M. & Miyagi, I. 1990. Colonization of rice fields by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and larvivorous predators in asynchronous rice cultivation areas in the Philippines. Journal of Medical Entomology 27(4): 530-536.
Muturi, E.J., Mwangangi, J., Shililu, J., Murius, S., Jacob, B., Kabiru, E., Gu, W., Mbogo, C., Githure, J. & Novak, R. 2007. Mosquito species succession and physiochemical factors affecting their abundance in rice fields in Mwea, Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology 44(2): 336-344.
Nitatpattana, N., Apiwathnasorn, C., Barbazan, P., Leemingsawat, S., Yoksan, S. & Gonzalez,
J.P. 2005. First isolation of Japanese encephalitis from Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 36(4): 875-878.
Ohba, S.Y., Van Soai, N., Van Anh, D.T., Nguyen, Y.T. & Takagi, M. 2015. Study of mosquito fauna in rice ecosystems around Hanoi, Northern Vietnam. Acta tropica 142: 89-95.
Phanitchat, T., Apiwathnasorn, C., Sumroiphon, S., Samung, Y., Naksathit, A., Thawornkuno, C., Juntarajumnong, W. & Sungvornyothin, S. 2017. The influence of temperature on the development rate and survival of Aedes albopictus in Thailand. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 48: 799-808.
Ratnasari, A., Wahid, I., Akbar, H., Toemon, A.I., Jabal, A.R., Mutiasari, D., Paundanan, M., Hanasia, Sugiarto & Ikhsan, M. 2023. Ecology and distribution of mosquito larvae in the inland habitat of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Serangga 28(1): 128-145.
Rattanarithikul, R. 1982. A guide to the genera of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Thailand with illustrated keys, biological notes and preservation and mounting techniques. Mosquito Systematics 14(3): 139-208.
Rohani, A., Zamree, I., Wan Mohamad Ali, W., Abdul Hadi, A., Asmad, M., Lubim, D., Mohamed Nor, Z. & Han Lim, L. 2013. Nocturnal man biting habits of mosquito species in Serian, Sarawak, Malaysia. Advances in Entomology 1: 42-49.
Schober, P., Boer, C. & Schwarte, L. 2018. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 126: 1763-1768.
Sirivanakarn, S. 1976. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 12(2): 1-272.
Tandina, F., Doumbo, O., Yaro, A.S., Traore, S.F., Parola, P. & Robert, V. 2018. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasites and Vectors 11(467): 1-12.
Teo, C.H.J., Lim, P.K.C., Voon, K. & Mak, J.W. 2017. Detection of dengue viruses and Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae from four urban localities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine 34(3): 583-597.
Wagman, J., Grieco, J.P., Bautista, K., Polanco, J., Briceno, I., King, R. & Achee, N.L. 2014. A comparison of two commercial mosquito traps for the capture of malaria vectors in Northern Belize, Central America. Journal of the American Moquito Control Association 30(3): 175-183.
Wan-Norafikah, O., Chen, C.D., Mohd-Amir, M.H., Azahari, A.H., Zainal-Abidin, A.H., Nazni, W.A., Mariam, M., Mohd-Shahizan, J. & Sofian-Azirun, M. 2018a. Breeding habitats of mosquito larval in a paddy growing area in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 20(2): 404-408.
Wan-Norafikah, O., Chen, C.D., Mohd-Amir, M.H., Azahari, A.H., Zainal-Abidin, A.H., Nazni, W.A., Mariam, M., Mohd-Shahizan, J. & Sofian-Azirun, M. 2018b. Single and co-breeding of different mosquito species in fogging-free and dengue risk areas in West Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine 35(3): 826-838.
Wan-Norafikah, O., Chen, C.D., Mohd-Amir, M.H., Azahari, A.H., Zainal-Abidin, A.H., Nazni, W.A., Mariam, M., Mohd-Shahizan, J. & Sofian-Azirun, M. 2018c. Diversity of mosquito larval habitats in human habitations within a rice cultivation area in Padang Serai, Kedah, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal 47(3): 159-164.
Wongkoon, S., Jaroensutasinee, M., Jaroensutasinee, K. & Preechaporn, W. 2007. Development sites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Dengue Bulletin 31: 141-152.
Yasuoka, J. & Levins, R. 2007. Ecology of vector mosquitoes in Sri Lanka – suggestions for
future mosquito control in rice ecosystems. Ecology of Vector Mosquitoes 38(4): 646-657.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.